Retracted: Vitamin D Supplementation Affects the Beck Depression Inventory, Insulin Resistance, and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Background Vitamin D may decrease depression symptoms through its beneficial effects on neurotransmitters, metabolic profiles, biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress.Objective This study was designed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce symptoms of depression, metabolic profiles, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).Methods This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed in 40 patients between 18 and 65 y of age with a diagnosis of MDD based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either a single capsule of 50 kIU vitamin D/wk (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) for 8 wk. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and postintervention to quantify relevant variables. The primary [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which examines depressive symptoms] and secondary (glucose homeostasis variables, lipid profiles, hs-CRP, and biomarkers of oxidative stress) outcomes were assessed.Results Baseline concentrations of mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly different between the 2 groups (9.2 ± 6.0 and 13.6 ± 7.9 μg/L in the placebo and control groups, respectively, P = 0.02). After 8 wk of intervention, changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significantly greater in the vitamin D group (+20.4 μg/L) than in the placebo group (-0.9 μg/L, P < 0.001). A trend toward a greater decrease in the BDI was observed in the vitamin D group than in the placebo group (-8.0 and -3.3, respectively, P = 0.06). Changes in serum insulin (-3.6 compared with +2.9 μIU/mL, P = 0.02), estimated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-1.0 compared with +0.6, P = 0.01), estimated homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (-13.9 compared with +10.3, P = 0.03), plasma total antioxidant capacity (+63.1 compared with -23.4 mmol/L, P = 0.04), and glutathione (+170 compared with -213 μmol/L, P = 0.04) in the vitamin D group were significantly different from those in the placebo group.Conclusion Overall, vitamin D supplementation of patients with MDD for 8 wk had beneficial effects on the BDI, indicators of glucose homeostasis, and oxidative stress. This trial was registered at www.irct.ir as IRCT201412065623N29.
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Evidence suggests that zinc homeostasis and function may be increased following vitamin D supplementation, and that the control of zinc in systemic levels is regulated by vitamin D.
“there is evidence to suggest that zinc homeostasis and function may be increased following vitamin D supplementation, and that the control of zinc in systemic levels is regulated by vitamin D (47).”
From Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [47]
The Introduction discusses calcium homeostasis, and the Results table reports calcium and metabolic measures, but neither addresses zinc. Searches of our copy for “zinc,” “zinc homeostasis and function,” and systemic zinc regulation found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Sepehrmanesh, Z., Kolahdooz, F., Abedi, F., Mazroii, N., Assarian, A., Asemi, Z., & Esmaillzadeh, A.
- Affiliations
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Asemi, Zatollah
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 243-248
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2177838021
- Semantic Scholar
- 5e3c620942a72c28b1188dd6ec72551082a4a8dc
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 13.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- vitamin D supplementation, major depressive disorder, depression, Beck Depression Inventory, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, C-reactive protein, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, beta-cell function, retraction, research integrity, data falsification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antioxidants, Blood Glucose, C-Reactive Protein, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Vitamin D, Oxidative Stress, Dietary Supplements
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