The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The performance of electric fences as elephant barriers in Amboseli, Kenya
Abstract
Electric fencing is increasingly used as a tool for elephant (Loxodonta africana) conservation in human-dominated landscapes and there are few empirical studies to demonstrate that electrified barriers are effective in deterring elephants from raiding crops. The factors determining the effectiveness of electric fences are not fully understood. We assessed the performance of Namelok and Kimana fences in reducing human–elephant conflict by comparing the frequency of crop-raiding by elephants and the perceptions of farmers on the effect of the fences in reducing elephant crop-raiding within fenced and adjacent unfenced farmlands. We also examined the effect of intact fence wires, presence of current and amount of voltage on fence breakage by elephants. Electric fencing reduced elephant crop-raiding and other forms of human–elephant conflicts. Namelok fence was not broken by elephants whereas Kimana fence was broken several times probably because it borders Kimana Sanctuary which provided cover where elephants could retreat after crop-raiding. The mere presence of current did not minimize fence breakage by elephants. Elephants entered fenced areas more frequently when the fence wires were broken than when wires were intact. Our results suggest that, location of fences in relation to landscape factors, maintenance of effective non-electrified fences and proximity of fences to areas of high elephant concentration are significant determinants of fence performance in mitigating elephant crop-raiding.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“elephants have been observed overcoming barriers to access and forage on crop fields (Fernando et al., 2008; Kioko et al., 2008; Mutinda et al., 2014)”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Kioko et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“To access crops, elephants have learned to overcome barriers, such as electric fences, that are meant to deter them from entering crop fields (Kioko et al., 2008; Mutinda et al., 2014).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Kioko et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In the wild, elephants have demonstrated their ability to find solutions to novel problems when they determine how to overcome barriers, such as electric fences, to enter crop fields to forage (Fernando et al., 2008; Kioko et al., 2008; Mutinda et al., 2014).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Kioko et al., 2008
Citations
Cites
Shocking elephants: Fences and crop raiders in Laikipia District, Kenya
Thouless, C. R., & Sakwa, J. (1995) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00071-w · Cited by 153
Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia
Nyhus, P. J., TILSON, R. L., & Sumianto (2000) · Oryx · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00132.x · Cited by 152
Seasonal herd dynamics of a savanna elephant population
Western, D., & Lindsay, W. K. (1984) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1984.tb00699.x · Cited by 140
Ambient temperature as a determinant of landscape use in the savanna elephant, Loxodonta africana
Kinahan, A. A., Pimm, S. L., & van Aarde, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.09.002 · Cited by 83
Osborn, F. V., & Parker, G. E. (2002) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v33i1.1107 · Cited by 83
Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people
Hoare, R. E. (1995) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v19i1.810 · Cited by 81
Naughton, L., Rose, R. S., & Treves, A. (1999) · Cited by 81
Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia
Nyhus, P. J., TILSON, R. L., & Sumianto (2000) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605300031331 · Cited by 70
Population structure and behaviour of crop‐raiding elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Chiyo, P. I., & Cochrane, E. P. (2005) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00577.x · Cited by 67
Self-citationHuman-elephant conflict: the challenge ahead
Kangwana, K. (1995) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v19i1.803 · Cited by 61
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- ANDAU M., 1992, Asian Elephant Specialist Group Newsletter, 8, 19
- GARAI M.E., 2001, Pachyderm, 31, 52
- HOARE R.E., 1995, Pachyderm, 19, 54
- KANGWANA K., 1995, Pachyderm, 19, 11
- KIIRU W., 1995, Pachyderm, 19, 15
- KIOKO J., 2006, Pachyderm, 41, 53
- OKELLO M.M., 2005, S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res, 35, 63
- OMONDI P., 2004, Pachyderm, 36, 80
- OSBORN F.V., 2002, Pachyderm, 33, 32
- TCHAMBA M.N., 1995, Pachyderm, 19, 26
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–118 of 118
Sensor Based Fence Breakage Detection System
Dissanayake, S., Fernando, D., Suduwella, C., Dabare, M., Zoysa, K. D., & Keppetiyagama, C. (2018) · International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions · doi:10.1109/icter.2018.8615536 · Cited by 1
Game fencing as a human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategy and its implications for conservation
Kesch, K. (2015) · Cited by 1
Chedup, S., Dendup, T., Dorji, U., Tshering, C., & Tamang, S. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environment · doi:10.3126/ije.v12i2.65432 · Cited by 1
Elephant Detection and Bee Frequency Deterrence System Using Artificial Intelligence
Krishnan, K. V., Krishnan, S., Raymond, B. F., & Kannan, V. (2024) · International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC) · doi:10.1109/icesc60852.2024.10689956 · Cited by 1
Impacts of wildlife grazing on pastures in the Midlands, Tasmania
Smith, R. M. (2012) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23207483 · Cited by 1
Mwakima, M. W. (2014) · Cited by 1
Governing landscapes through partnerships : Lessons from Amboseli, Kenya
Mugo, T. (2021) · doi:10.18174/541492 · Cited by 1
Socio-Ecology and Behavior of Crop Raiding Elephants in the Amboseli Ecosystem,
Chiyo, P. I. (2010) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Self-citationDeaths Due To Illegal Electrification of Barbed Wire -A Case Report
Shetty, P. H., Dsouza, H. L., Anita, S., & Monteiro, F. N. P. (2020) · Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology · doi:10.5958/0974-083x.2020.00123.5
(2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816208-8.00022-1
Elephants Working in Conservation Practice
Szydlowski, M. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800624498.0006
Mullick, R. K., & Mandal, R. K. (2024) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2321-8_5
Management of human–wildlife conflicts for sustainable socio-ecological development
Khan, Y. D. I., Purohit, S., Goswami, M., & Nautiyal, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-31406-3.00026-6
Roy, A., Sharma, S., Lélé, S. M., & Kaswan, P. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5845430
Elephant barrier behaviors in response to conflict mitigation fences
Gonçalves, D. D., Smith, R. J., & O’Neill, H. M. K. (2026) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70258
Chakraborty, S. (2026) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-026-02594-y
Batenda, H., Muwanika, V. B., Tweheyo, M., Ssekuubwa, E., Mulumba, O., & Heinen, J. T. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10895812/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kioko, J., Muruthi, P., Omondi, P., & Chiyo, P. I.
- Affiliations
- Kenya Wildlife Service (KE)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kioko, John
- Venue
- South African Journal of Wildlife Research
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 52-58
- ISSN
- 0379-4369 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145285905
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- South African Journal of Wildlife Research (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- electric fences, human-elephant conflict, crop raiding, Loxodonta africana, Amboseli, farmer perceptions, landscape factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
