The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Qualitative Research in Healthcare: Data Analysis
Abstract
Qualitative research methodology has been applied with increasing frequency in various fields, including in healthcare research, where quantitative research methodology has traditionally dominated, with an empirically driven approach involving statistical analysis. Drawing upon artifacts and verbal data collected from in-depth interviews or participatory observations, qualitative research examines the comprehensive experiences of research participants who have experienced salient yet unappreciated phenomena. In this study, we review 6 representative qualitative research methodologies in terms of their characteristics and analysis methods: consensual qualitative research, phenomenological research, qualitative case study, grounded theory, photovoice, and content analysis. We mainly focus on specific aspects of data analysis and the description of results, while also providing a brief overview of each methodology’s philosophical background. Furthermore, since quantitative researchers have criticized qualitative research methodology for its perceived lack of validity, we examine various validation methods of qualitative research. This review article intends to assist researchers in employing an ideal qualitative research methodology and in reviewing and evaluating qualitative research with proper standards and criteria.
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“CA is a systematic approach for identifying and analysing patterns in qualitative and quantitative research, and is widely used in healthcare, social and community psychological research [33,34,35,36].”
From Voices of the Pacific: Pacific Peoples’ Conceptualisations of Anxiety in Aotearoa New Zealand—Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Alternatively, the present study employs an inductive approach, allowing patterns and key ideas to be derived from the responses [33,34,35,36].”
From Voices of the Pacific: Pacific Peoples’ Conceptualisations of Anxiety in Aotearoa New Zealand—Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
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Cites
Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732305276687 · Cited by 44,601
The qualitative content analysis process
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x · Cited by 22,617 · cited 1×
“Some of the typical processes are a 3-step process (preparation, organizing, reporting) proposed by Elo and Kyngäs [68], a 4-step process (formulating research questions, sampling, coding, analyzing) presented by White and Marsh [69], and a 6-step process proposed by Krippendorff [66].”
MethodDetermining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2 · Cited by 9,184 · cited 3×
“To enhance the transferability of qualitative research, researchers must describe the data collection and analysis processes in detail and provide thick data on the overall research process, including research participants and the context and culture of research [77,78].”
BackgroundMethodBut is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1986) · New Directions for Program Evaluation · doi:10.1002/ev.1427 · Cited by 3,668
A Guide to Conducting Consensual Qualitative Research
Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000097254001 · Cited by 2,884
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aragonés‐Calleja, M., & Sánchez‐Martínez, V. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.13128 · Cited by 2
Chandra, L. A., McLean-Orsborn, S., Tone-Graham, P. V., & Kapeli, S. A. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23030291
Metadata
- Authors
- Im, D., Pyo, J., Lee, H., Jung, H., & Ock, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
- Published
- 2023-03-31
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100-110
- ISSN
- 1975-8375
- 2233-4521
- PMC
- PMC10111102
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 5
- Language
- en
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