A Guide to Conducting Consensual Qualitative Research
Abstract
The authors discuss the components of consensual qualitative research (CQR) using open-ended questions to gather data, using words to describe phenomena, studying a few cases intensively, recognizing the importance of context, using an inductive analytic process, using a team and making decisions by consensus, using auditors, and verifying results by systematically checking against the raw data. The three steps for conducting CQR are developing and coding domains, constructing core ideas, and developing categories to describe consistencies across cases (cross analysis). Criteria for evaluating CQR are trustworthiness of the method, coherence of the results, representativeness of the results to the sample, testimonial validity, applicability of the results, and replicability across samples. Finally, the authors discuss implications for research, practice, and training.
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CQR is a team-based approach to qualitative research that includes identifying biases, engaging in cross-analysis, and auditing to strengthen the research process.
“CQR is a team-based approach to qualitative research that includes identifying biases, engaging in cross-analysis, and auditing to strengthen the research process (Hill et al., 2005;Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997).”
From The Emergence of Racialized Labor and Racial Battle Fatigue in the African American Student Network (AFAM) (2020) · cites this paper as Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997
The sample size was decided based on the stability of findings, reviewed after 6 and 8 participants.
“The sample size was decided based on the stability of findings [36], reviewed after 6 and 8 participants.”
From "It's not a life of war and conflict": experienced therapists' views on negotiating a therapeutic alliance in involuntary treatment (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Qualitative responses were analyzed using thematic analysis informed by Consensual Qualitative Research to minimize individual bias.
“Qualitative responses were analyzed using thematic analysis [27], informed by principles of Consensual Qualitative Research to minimize individual bias [28].”
From AI-Facilitated Cognitive Reappraisal via Socrates 2.0: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland,
- American Day Behavioral Health Care System, Inc.
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hill, Clara E.
- Venue
- The Counseling Psychologist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 517-572
- ISSN
- 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3861
- OpenAlex
- W2169110538
- Cited by
- 2,884
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 132 · 2022: 171 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 172 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 146 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 150 · 2012: 131
- FWCI
- 107.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Keywords
- consensual qualitative research, consensus building, trustworthiness, replicability, cross-case analysis, core ideas, qualitative research methodology, counseling research
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