CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 501Concrete and Cement Materials ResearchMagnesium Oxide Properties and ApplicationsBuilding materials and conservation

A review on alkaline activation: New analytical perspectives

Open access
Palomo, A., Krivenko, P., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Kavalerova, E., Maltseva, O., Fernández-Jiménez, A.·2014·Materiales de Construcción
DOI 10.3989/mc.2014.00314
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

For many years now the idea of including alkalis in a Portland cement matrix has been regarded as a daft or inexcusably erroneous proposition: despite its absurdity, that opinion has been widely accepted as a basic premise by the scientific and technical community working in the area of the chemistry of cement. In 1957 Glukhovsky proposed a working hypothesis in which he established a close relationship between alkalis and cementitious materials. That hypothesis has become consolidated and has served as a basis for developing a new type of binders, initially called “alkaline cements”. The present paper reviews the most significant theoretical interpretations of the role played by alkalis in the formation of the “stony” structure of cement. It ends with a broad overview of the versatility of this type of materials for industrial applications and a discussion of the possibility of building on the existing legislation to meet the need for the future regulation of alkaline cement and concrete manufacture.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3989/mc.2014.00314

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The alkali excitation process places material containing amorphous silica and alumina in an alkaline environment, and in a high-calcium system the C-A-S-H generated is similar to the C-S-H generated by Portland cement hydration.

    “The alkali excitation process means that the material containing amorphous silica (SiO 2 ) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) is placed in an alkaline environment, and in a system with high calcium (i.e., more calcium ions are present in the material), the C-A-S-H generated is similar to the C-S-H generated by the hydration of Portland cement [12,14].”

    From Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Fly Ash (2023) · cites this paper as [14]

    The available passages from the paper are reference entries, not its discussion of the reaction. Searches for alkaline activation of amorphous silica and alumina and for a comparison between high-calcium C-A-S-H and Portland-cement C-S-H found no passage in our copy that states the claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 83

  1. [5]5. Langton, C.A.; Roy, D.M. (1984) Longevity of borehole and shaft sealing materials: characterization of ancient cement-based building materials. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. 26, 546–549.
  2. [8]8. Purdon, A. (1940) The action of alkalis on blast furnace slag. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 59, 191–202.
  3. [10]10. Davidovits, J. (2008) Geopolymer. Chemistry and Applications. Institute Geopolymere, Saint-Quentin, France. PMCid:PMC2751601
  4. [11]11. Shi, C.; Krivenko, P.V.; Roy, D. (2006) Alkali-activated cements and concretes. Ed. Taylor & Francis.
  5. [13]13. Provis, J.; van Deventer, J.S.J. (2014) Alkali activated Materials. State of the art Report. RILEM TC 224-AAM, Springer ISBN 978-94-007-7671-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7672-2 · DOI
  6. [14]14. Barrer, R. (1982) Hydrothermal chemistry of zeolites. London Academic Press.
  7. [16]16. Dyer, S.A. (1988) An Introduction to zeolite Molecular Sieves. J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
  8. [17]17. Krivenko, P. (1986) Synthesis of cementitious materials of the Me2O-MeO-Me2O3-SiO2-H2O system with required properties. DSc(Eng) Degree Thesis, KISI Publis. Kiev, USSR.
  9. [20]20. Skurchinskaya, Zh. (1973) Synthesis of natural minerals analogues in order to obtain an artificial stone. PhD Thesis, Institute for civil Engineering, Kiev, Ukraine.
  10. [21]21. Skurchinskaya, Zh. (1994) Progress in alkaline cements. Ed. Krivenko P. Proceedings of the 1st Inter. Conf. Alkaline cements and Concretes. 271–298 (Kiev, Ukraine).
  11. [22]22. Krivenko, P. (1994) Progress in alkaline cements. Ed. Krivenko P. Proceedings of the 1st Inter. Conf. Alkaline cements and Concretes. 11–129 (Kiev, Ukraine).
  12. [23]23. Krivenko, P.; and Kovalchuk, G.Y. (2007) Directed synthesis of alkaline alumiosilicate minerals in a geocement matrix. J. Mater SCI. 42, 2944–2952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0528-3 · DOI
  13. [28]28. Palomo, A.; Grutzeck, M. W; Blanco, M.T (1999) Alkali-activated fly ashes - A cement for the future. Cem. Concr. Res. 29 [8], 1323–1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00243-9 · DOI
  14. [29]29. Taylor, H.F.W. (1990) Cement Chemistry. Academic Press Ltd. ISBN 0-12-683900-X.
  15. [30]30. Caijun, Shi; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A. (2011) New cements for the 21st century. The pursuit of an alternative to portland cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 41, 750–763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.016 · DOI · Paper page
  16. [31]31. Wu, X.; Roy, D.M.; Langton, C.A. (1983) Early stage hydration of slag-cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 13, 277–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(83)90111-4 · DOI
  17. [32]32. Wang, S.D; Pu, X.C.; Scrivener, K.L.; Pratt, P.L. (1995) Alkali-Activated Slag: a Review of Properties and Problems. Cem. Concr. Res. 17 [27], 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.1995.7.27.93 · DOI
  18. [33]33. Puertas, F. (1995) Cementos de escorias activadas alcalinamente: Situación actual y perspectivas de futuro. Mater. Construcc. 45 [239], 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.1995.v45.i239.553 · DOI
  19. [34]34. Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2000) Cementos de escorias activadas alcalinamante: influencia de las variables y modelización del proceso. PhD Thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
  20. [35]35. Bakharev, T.; Sanjayan, J.G; Cheng, Y.B. (2000) Effect of admixtures on properties of alkali-activated slag concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 30, 1367–1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00349-5 · DOI
  21. [36]36. Duxson, P.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Provis, J.L.; Lukey, G.C.; Palomo, A.; van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007) Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art. J. Mater. Sci. 42, 2917–2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z · DOI · Paper page
  22. [38]38. Alonso, S.; Palomo, A. (2001) Alkaline activation of metakaolin-calcium hydroxide solid mixtures: Influence of temperature, activator concentration and metakaolin /Ca(OH)2 ratio. Materials Letters. 47, 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(00)00212-3 · DOI
  23. [40]40. Palomo, A.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Kovalchuk, G.; Ordo-ez, L.M.; and Naranjo, M.C. (2007) OPC-Fly Ash cementitious system. Study of the gel binders produced during alkaline hydration. J. Mater. Sci. 42, 2958–2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0585-7 · DOI
  24. [41]41. Garcia-Lodeiro, I.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A. (2013) Hydration kinetics in hybrid binders: Early reaction Stages. Cem. Concr. Comp. 39, 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.025 · DOI · Paper page
  25. [42]42. Garcia-Lodeiro, I.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A. (2013) Variation in hybrid cements over time. Alkaline activation of fly ash–portland cement blends. Cem. Concr. Res. 52, 112–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.022 · DOI
  26. [43]43. Puertas, F.; Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2003). Mineralogical and microestructural characterization of alkali-activated fly ash/slag pastes Cem. Concr. Res. 25 [3], 287–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00059-8 · DOI
  27. [45]45. Bernal S.A.; Mejía de Gutierrez R.; Ruíz F.; Qui-ones H.; Provis J.L. (2012). High-temperature performance of mortars and concretes based on alkali-actiavated slag/metakaolin blends. Mater Construcc, 62, 308, 471–488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2012.01712 · DOI
  28. [47]47. Mostafa, N.Y.; El-Hemaly, S.A.S.; Al-Wakeel, E.I.; El-Korashy, S.A.; Brown, P.W. (2001) Characterization and evaluation of the hydraulic activity of water-cooled slag and air-cooled slag. Cem. Concr. Res. 31, 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00497-5 · DOI
  29. [48]48. Li, D.; Xu, Z.; Luo, Z.; Pan, Z.; Lin, C. (2002) The activation and hydration of glassy cementitious materials. Cem. Concr. Res. 32, 1145–1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00755-X · DOI
  30. [50]50. Pal, S.C.; Mukherjee, A.; Pathak, S.R. (2003) Investigation of hydraulic activity of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 1481–1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00062-0 · DOI
  31. [51]51. Chao, Li; Henghu, Sun; Longtu, Li. (2010) A review: The comparison between alkali-activated slag (Si+Ca) and metakaolin (Si+Al) cements. Cem. Concr. Res. 40, 1341–1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.03.020 · DOI
  32. [52]52. Glukhovsky, V. (1994) Ancient, Modern and Future Concretes. First Inter. Conf. Alkaline Cements and Concretes. 1, 1–8 (Kiev, Ukraine).
  33. [53]53. Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Puertas, F.; Sobrados, I.; Sanz, J. (2003) Structure of calcium silicate hydrate formed in alkaline activated slag. Influence of the type of alkaline activator. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86 [8], 1389–1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03481.x · DOI
  34. [54]54. Glasser, F.P. (1990) Cements from micro to macrostructure. Br. Ceram. Trans. J. 89 [6], 192–202.
  35. [55]55. Roy, A.; Schilling, P.J.; Eaton, H.C. (1994) Activation of Ground Blast-Furnace slag by Alkali-Metal and Alkaline-Earth Hydroxides. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75 [12], 3233–3240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04416.x · DOI
  36. [56]56. Cheng, Q.H.; et al. (1992) Strength and Microstructural Properties of Waterglass Activated Slag. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 245, 49–54.
  37. [58]58. Wang, S.D.; Scrivener, K.L. (1995) Hydration Products of Alkali Activated Slag Cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 25 [3], 561–571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00045-E · DOI · Paper page
  38. [59]59. Puertas, F.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Blanco-Varela, M.T. (2004) Pore solution in alkali activated slag cement pastes. Relation to the composition and structure of calcium silicate hydrate. Cem. Concr. Res. 34, 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00254-0 · DOI · Paper page
  39. [60]60. Wang, S.D. (1995) Alkaline activation of slag. PhD Thesis, Imperial College, University of London.
  40. [61]61. Mozgawa, W.; Deja, J. (2009) Spectroscopic studies of alkaline activated slag geopolymers. J. Mol. Struct. 924–926, 434–441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.12.026 · DOI
  41. [62]62. Ben Haha, M.; Lothenbach, B.; Le Saout, G.; Winnefeld, F. (2011) Influence of slag chemistry on the hydration of alkali.activated blast furnace slag-part I. Effect of MgO. Cem. Concr. Res. 42, 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.08.005 · DOI · Paper page
  42. [63]63. Ben Haha, M.; Lothenbach, B.; Le Saout, G.; Winnefeld, F. (2011) Influence of slag chemistry on the hydration of alkali activated blast furnace slag-part II. Effect of Al2O3. Cem. Concr. Res. 42, 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.08.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.08.005 · DOI · Paper page
  43. [64]64. Cong, X.D.; Kirkpatrick, R.J. (1996) 29Si NMR study of the structure of the calcium silicate hydrate. Adv. Cem. Bas. Mat. 3, 144–156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1065-7355(96)90046-2 · DOI
  44. [65]65. Richardson, I.; Groves, G.W. (1997) The structure of the calcium silicate hydrate phases present in hardened pastes of white Portland cement /blast-furnace slag blends. J. Mater. Sci. 32, 4793–4802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018639232570 · DOI
  45. [66]66. Schilling, P.J.; Butler, L.G.; Roy, A.; Eaton, H.C. (1994) 29Si and 27Al MAS-NMR of NaOH activated blast furnace slag. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77 [9], 2363–2368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04606.x · DOI
  46. [67]67. Richardson, I.; Groves, G.W. (1997) The structure of the calcium silicate hydrate phases present in hardened pastes of white Portland cement /blast-furnace slag blends. J. Mater. Sci. 32, 4793–4802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018639232570 · DOI
  47. [68]68. Richardson, I. G.; Brough, A. R.; Groves, G. W.; Dobson, C. M. (1994) The Characterisation of Hardened Alkali-Activated Blast-Furnace Slag Pastes and the Nature of the Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H). Cem. Concr. Res. 5 [5], 813–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90002-7 · DOI
  48. [69]69. Puertas, F.; Palacios, M.; Manzano, H.; Dolado, J.S.; Rico, A.; Rodríguez, J. (2011) A model for the C-A-S-H gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements. Journal of European Ceramic Soc. 31 [12], 2043–2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.04.036 · DOI
  49. [71]71. Hannus, I.; Kiricsi, I.; Lentz, P.; Nagy, J.B (1999) Characterization of alkali ions in the Y-type zeolites by multi MAS NMR studies. Colloids and Surfaces A. 158, 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00127-2 · DOI
  50. [72]72. Barbosa, V.F.F.; Mackenzie, K.J.D.; Thaumaturgo, C. (2000) Synthesis and characterization of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium polysialate polymers. Inter. J. Inorganic Mat. 2, 209–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1466-6049(00)00041-6 · DOI
  51. [73]73. Bernal, S. A.; Provis, J. L.; Walkley, B.; San Nicolas, R.; Gehman, J. D.; Brice, D. G.; Kilcullen, A. R; Duxson, P.; van Deventer, J. S.J. (2013) Gel nanostructure in alkali-activated binders based on slag and fly ash, and effects of accelerated carbonation. Cem. Concr. Res. 53, 127–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.06.007 · DOI · Paper page
  52. [75]75. Pera, J. (2001) Metakaolin and calcined clays. Cem. Concr. Compos. 23 [6], iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00098-6 · DOI
  53. [76]76. Ambroise, J.; Murat, M.; Pera, J. (1985) Hydration reaction and hardening of calcined clays and related minerals: V. Extension of the research and general conclusions. Cem. Concr. Res. 15, 261–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(85)90037-7 · DOI
  54. [77]77. Granizo, M. L.; Blanco, M.T. (1998) Alkaline activation of metakaolin - An isothermal conduction calorimetry styudy. J. of thermal analysis. 52, 957–965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010176321136 · DOI
  55. [78]78. Granizo, M.L.; Alonso, S.; Blanco Varela, M.T.; Palomo, A. (2002) Alkaline activation of metakaolin: Effect of calcium hydroxide in the products of reaction. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 85, 225–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00070.x · DOI
  56. [79]79. Granizo, M. L.; Blanco, M.T.; and Martinez Ramirez, S. (2007) Alkaline activation of metakaolins: Parameters affecting mechanical, structural and microestructural properties. J. Material Science. 42, 2934–2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0565-y · DOI
  57. [80]80. Férnandez-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A. (2003) Characterization of fly ashes. Potencial reactivity as alkaline cements. FUEL. 82 [18], 2259–2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00194-7 · DOI
  58. [81]81. Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A.; Sobrados, I.; and Sanz, J. (2006) The role played by the reactive alumina content in the alkaline activation of fly ashes. Microporous and Mesoporous materials. 91, 111–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.11.015 · DOI
  59. [83]83. Weng, L.; Sagoe-Crenstil, K. (2007) Dissolution processes, hydrolysis and condensation reaction during geopolymer synthesis: Part I - Low Si/Al ratio systems. J. Material Science. 42, 2997–3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0820-2 · DOI
  60. [84]84. Palomo, A.; Fernández-Jimenez, A.; Kovalchuck, G. (2005), Some key factors affecting the alkali activation of fly ash. 2nd International Symposium of Non- Traditional Cement and Concrete (Brno, Czech Republic).
  61. [85]85. Bakharev, T. (2005) Geopolymeric materials prepared using Class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing. Cem. Concr. Res. 35, 1224–1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.031 · DOI
  62. [86]86. Criado, M.; Palomo, A.; Fernández -Jimenez, A. (2005) Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part I. Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of reaction products. FUEL. 84, 2048–2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.03.030 · DOI
  63. [87]87. Criado, M.; Fernández-Jimenez, A.; Palomo, A.; Sobrados, I.; Sanz, J. (2007) Effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio on the alkali activation of fly ash. Part II: 29Si MAS NMR Survey. Microporous and Mesop. Mat. 109, 525–534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.05.062 · DOI
  64. [88]88. Duxson, P.; Provis, J.; Lukey, G.C.; Mallicoat, S.; Kriven, S.W.; van Deventer, J.S.J. (2005) Understanding the relationship between geopolymer composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. Colloids and Surface A - Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 269, 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.06.060 · DOI
  65. [89]89. Kriven, W.M.; Bell, J.L; Gordon, M. (2003) Microstruture and microchemistry of fully-reacted geopolymers and geopolymeric matrix composites. Ceramic Transactions. 153, 227–250.
  66. [90]90. Schmücker, M.; MacKenzie, K.J.D. (2005) Microstructure of sodium polysiale soloxo geopolymer. Ceramic International. 31, 433–437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.06.006 · DOI
  67. [91]91. Fernández-Jimenez, A.; Palomo, A.; Criado, M. (2005) Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model. Cem. Concr. Res. 35 [6], 1204–1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.08.021 · DOI
  68. [92]92. Davidovits, J. (1988) Geopolymer properties and chemistry. 1st European Conference on Soft Mineralurgy, Geopolymer 88. 25–48 (Compiegne, France).
  69. [93]93. Duxson, P. (2006) PhD Thesis. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia.
  70. [94]94. Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A. (2005) Composition and microstructure of alkali activated fly ash binder. Effect of activator. Cem. Concr. Res. 35 [10], 1985–1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.003 · DOI
  71. [95]95. Duxson, P.; Lukey, G.C.; Separovic, F.; van Deventer, J.S.J. (2005) Effect of alkali cations on aluminium incorporation in geopolymeric gels. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44, 832–839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0494216 · DOI
  72. [98]98. Garcia-Lodeiro, I.; Fernández-Jimenez, A.; Palomo, A. (2013) Alkali-Activated based concrete. In: Eco-Efficient Concrete. Ed. by Pacheco Torgal, S. Jalali, L. Labrincha, and V. M. John, Woddhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK.
  73. [99]99. Garcia-Lodeiro, I.; Maltseva, O.; Palomo, A.; and Fernández-Jimenez, A. (2012) Hybrid alkaline cements: Part I. Fundamentals. Romanian Journal of Materials. 42 [4], 330–335.
  74. [100]100. Palomo, A.; Maltseva, O.; Garcia-Lodeiro I.; Fernández-Jimenez, A. (2013) Hybrid alkaline cements: Part II. Clinker Factor. Romanian Journal of Materials. 43 [1], 74–79.
  75. [101]101. Fernández-Jimenez, A.; Flores, E.; Maltseva, O.; Garcia-Lodeiro, I.; Palomo, A. (2013) Hybrid alkaline cements: Part III. Durability and Industrial Applications. Romanian Journal of Materials. 43 [2], 68–73.
  76. [102]102. García-Lodeiro, I.; Macphee, D.E.; Palomo, A.; and Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2009) Effect of alkalis on fresh C-S-H gels. FTIR analysis. Cem. Concr. Res. 39, 147–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.003 · DOI
  77. [103]103. García-Lodeiro, I.; Fernández-Jimenez, A.; Palomo, A.; and Macphee, D.E. (2010) Effect on fresh C-S-H gels of the simultaneous addition of alkali and aluminium. Cem. Concr. Res. 40, 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.004 · DOI
  78. [104]104. Garcia-Lodeiro, I.; Palomo, A.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; and Macphee, D.E. (2011) Compatibility studies between N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels. Study in the ternary diagram Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Cem. Concr. Res. 41, 923–931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.006 · DOI
  79. [107]107. Van Jaarveld, J.G.S.; van Deventer, J.S.J.; Lukey, G.C. (2002) The effect of composition and temperature on the properties of fly ash and Kaolinite – based geopolymers. Chem. Eng. J. 89, 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00025-6 · DOI
  80. [110]110. Brodko, O.A. (1999) Experience of explotation of the alkaline ements Concrete. Ed. Krivenko P. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concrete. 657–684 (Kiev, Ukraine).
  81. [111]111. Davidovits, J.; and Sawyer, J.L. (1985) Early high-strength mineral polymer. In: U.S. Patent 4, 509, 985, Office, U.S.P., (ed.), Pyrament Inc., USA.
  82. [113]113. Krivenko, P.V. (2002) Alkaline cements: From research to application. In: Lukey, G.C., (ed.) Geopolymers 2002. Turn Potential into Profit., Melbourne, Australia. CD-ROM Proceedings. Siloxo Pty. Ltd. PMid:12077454
  83. [114]114. Palomo, A.; Fernández-Jiménez, A.; López-Hombrados, C.; and Lleyda, J.L. (2007) Railway sleepers made of alkali activated fly ash concrete. Rev. Ing. Constr. 22 [2], 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732007000200001 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Palomo, A., Krivenko, P., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Kavalerova, E., Maltseva, O., & Fernández-Jiménez, A.
Affiliations
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
  • Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture (UA)
ORCID
Venue
Materiales de Construcción
Publisher
Editorial CSIC
Published
2014-09-30
Volume
64
Issue
315
Pages
e022
ISSN
  • 0465-2746 (ISSN-L)
  • 1988-3226
DOI
10.3989/mc.2014.00314
OpenAlex
W1590137226
Cited by
501
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
FWCI
40.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materiales de Construcción (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Building materials and conservation
Keywords
alkali activation, alkali-activated binders, alkaline cement, Portland cement, cement chemistry, cementitious materials, industrial applications, building regulations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review