Cited by 1,199Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and CessationYouth, Drugs, and Violence

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Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use

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Johnston, L.D, Miech, R.A., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., Schulenberg, J.E., Patrick, M.E.·2018

DOI 10.3998/2027.42/148123

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Abstract

i tracked adolescent drug use.Nicotine vaping prevalence rates in 2018 were 11%, 25%, and 30%, respectively.Marijuana vaping also increased substantially in 2018 as this new way of using marijuana becomes more mainstream.In 2018 prevalence of use in the last 12 months increased 1.3, 4.2, and 3.6 percentage points in 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th grades to levels of 4.4%, 12.4%, and 13.1%, respectively.Vaping just flavoring also substantially increased in 2018 to past-year prevalence levels of 15%, 25%, and 26% in 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th grades.Adolescents associate little risk of harm with vaping.MTF asks separately about regular use of "e-cigarettes" and also regular vaping of nicotine.Levels of perceived risk for these behaviors rank near the lowest of all substances, with little change in recent years. Alcohol Use Continues Declining in Upper GradesAlcohol remains the substance most widely used by today's teenagers.Despite recent declines, by the end of high school six out of every ten students (59%) have consumed alcohol (more than just a few sips) at some time in their lives (after a significant 3 percentage point drop in 2018); and about a quarter (24%) have done so by 8 th grade.(Only the 12 th grade showed significant change in 2018.)Alcohol use began a substantial decline in the 1980s.To some degree, alcohol trends have tended to parallel the trends in illicit drug use.These include a modest increase in binge drinking (defined as having five or more drinks in a row at least once in the past two weeks) in the early to mid-1990s, though it was a proportionally smaller increase than was seen for cigarettes and most of the illicit drugs.Fortunately, binge drinking rates leveled off in the early 2000s, just about when the illicit drug rates began to turn around, and in 2002, a drop in drinking and drunkenness resumed in all grades.Gradual declines in thirty-day prevalence continued in the upper grades into 2018, which marked the lowest levels for alcohol use and drunkenness ever recorded by the survey in the three grades combined.However, the decline in the annual prevalence of alcohol use has halted in the two lower grades.Only in 12 th grade is decline continuing, likely as the result of a cohort effect.This development may herald the end of the long-term decline in adolescent alcohol use.Still, prior to this year lifetime prevalence and annual prevalence for the three grades combined both declined by roughly 40-45% from the peak levels of use reached in the mid-1990s; 30-day prevalence was down by about one-half since then; and daily prevalence by three-fourths.These are dramatic declines for such a culturally ingrained behavior and good news to many parents.3 Prevalence refers to the proportion or percentage of the sample reporting use of the given substance on one or more occasions in a given time interval-e.g., lifetime, past 12 months, or past 30 days.For most drugs, the prevalence of daily use refers to reported use on 20 or more occasions in the past 30 days, except for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, for which actual daily use is measured, and for binge drinking, defined as having 5+ drinks on at least one occasion in the prior two weeks.

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Influential
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Background
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Background
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Kenne, D. R., Hamilton, K., Birmingham, L. E., Oglesby, W. H., Fischbein, R. L., & Delahanty, D. L. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1222619 · Cited by 42
Unveiling an ‘invisible population’: health, substance use, sexual behavior, culture, and discrimination among urban American Indian/Alaska Native adolescents in California
D’Amico, E. J., Dickerson, D. L., Brown, R. A., Klein, D. J., Agniel, D. M., & Johnson, C. (2019) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2018.1562054 · Cited by 41
“One reason that we may have found lower AOD use may be related to recent trends showing decreased AOD use across the U.S. for all adolescent populations (Johnston et al. 2018).”
Background
Adolescents’ Social Norms across Family, Peer, and School Settings: Linking Social Norm Profiles to Adolescent Risky Health Behaviors
Wang, Y., Chen, M., & Lee, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-00984-6 · Cited by 45
“This incongruent profile is especially likely given the typical increase in risky behaviors in adolescence (developmentally normative) (Johnston et al., 2018; Mahalik et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Accessing Vaping Products When Underage: A Qualitative Study of Young Adults in Southern California
Schiff, S. J., Kechter, A., Simpson, K. A., Ceasar, R. C., Braymiller, J. L., & Barrington‐Trimis, J. L. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa221 · Cited by 41
“” Within the “ease of access to vaping products” code, the team developed an additional set of 3 a priori sub-codes, based on well-known strategies for accessing tobacco products as reported in the existing literature: (1) obtaining vaping products through social sources, (2) purchasing vaping products from in-person…”
BackgroundMethod
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs encoding but not retrieval of verbal information
Ranganathan, M., Radhakrishnan, R., Addy, P. H., Martin, A. M. S., Williams, A. H., Carbuto, M., Elander, J., Pittman, B. P., Sewell, R. A., Skosnik, P. D., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.019 · Cited by 40
Understanding Rates of Marijuana Use and Consequences Among Adolescents in a Changing Legal Landscape
D’Amico, E. J., Tucker, J. S., Pedersen, E. R., & Shih, R. A. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0170-y · Cited by 42
The Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and event-specific drinking: The relationship between FoMO and alcohol use, harm, and breath alcohol concentration during orientation week
Riordan, B. C., Flett, J. A. M., Cody, L., Conner, T. S., & Scarf, D. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00318-6 · Cited by 52
State of the Art in Substance Use Prevention and Early Intervention: Applications to Pediatric Primary Care Settings
Matson, P. A., Ridenour, T. A., Ialongo, N. S., Spoth, R. L., Prado, G. J., Hammond, C. J., Hawkins, J. D., & Adger, H. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01299-4 · Cited by 39
Parental supply of alcohol to Australian minors: an analysis of six nationally representative surveys spanning 15 years
Kelly, A. B., Chan, G., Weier, M., Quinn, C. A., Gullo, M. J., Connor, J. P., & Hall, W. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3004-2 · Cited by 39
Risky Sex in High-Risk Adolescents: Associations with Alcohol Use, Marijuana Use, and Co-Occurring Use
Gillman, A. S., Yeater, E. A., Ewing, S. W. F., Kong, A. S., & Bryan, A. D. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1900-9 · Cited by 39
“Recent national survey results from the National Institute on Drug Abuse demonstrate that after declining for about a decade, adolescent marijuana use has remained steady for the past several years, with 31% of 8th–12th graders reporting ever having used marijuana [5].”
Proximal Associations among Bullying, Mood, and Substance Use: A Daily Report Study
Livingston, J. A., Derrick, J. L., Wang, W., Testa, M., Nickerson, A. B., Espelage, D. L., & Miller, K. E. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1109-1 · Cited by 39
“, 8th and 9th graders) are somewhat more likely to smoke cigarettes than to drink alcohol; however, alcohol use increases with age and exceeds cigarette use among older adolescents (Johnston et al., 2017).”
Background
Vulnerability or resilience to early substance use among adolescents at risk: The roles of maltreatment and father involvement
Yoon, S., Pei, F., Wang, X., Yoon, D., Lee, G., McCarthy, K. S., & Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.020 · Cited by 46
“At the individual level, child race has been consistently suggested as an important predictor of adolescent substance use, with White U.S. adolescents showing higher rates of substance use (especially cigarette use) compared to African American and Hispanic adolescents (Johnston et al., 2018).”
Background
Effect of Computer-Based Substance Use Screening and Brief Behavioral Counseling vs Usual Care for Youths in Pediatric Primary Care
Knight, J., Sherritt, L., Gibson, E. B., Levinson, J., Grubb, L., Samuels, R., Silva, T., Vernacchio, L., Wornham, W., & Harris, S. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6258 · Cited by 31
Bidirectional associations between e-cigarette use and alcohol use across adolescence
Lozano, A., Liu, F., Lee, T. K., Prado, G. J., Schwartz, S. J., Leventhal, A. M., Kelleghan, A. R., Unger, J. B., & Barrington‐Trimis, J. L. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108496 · Cited by 37
Marijuana Use Is Associated with Behavioral Approach and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Wright, N., Scerpella, D., & Lisdahl, K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166005 · Cited by 38
“Is Marijuana Even a Drug?” A Qualitative Study of How Teens View Marijuana Use and Why They Use It
Friese, B. (2017) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1290854 · Cited by 37
“…legalization; marijuana; motives for use; perceptions National survey data indicate that marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug among U.S. teens, with 12% of eighth graders, 25% of tenth graders, and 35% of twelfth graders having used marijuana in the past year (Johnston et al. 2016).”
Background
Detecting random responders with infrequency scales using an error-balancing threshold
Kim, D. S., McCabe, C. J., Yamasaki, B. L., Louie, K. A., & King, K. M. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0964-9 · Cited by 37
Health and Social Problems Associated with Recent Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) Use Amongst Marginalised, Nightlife and Online Users in Six European Countries
Hout, M. C. V., Benschop, A., Bujalski, M., Dąbrowska, K., Demetrovics, Z., Felvinczi, K., Hearne, E., Henriques, S., Kaló, Z., Kamphausen, G., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9824-1 · Cited by 37
“…Carhart-Harris et al. 2011; Measham et al. 2011a; Johnston et al. 2015) and street drug users who inject (Pas 2010; Colfax et al. 2010; Europol-EMCDDA 2010; Brauser 2012; Van Hout and Bingham 2012; Csák et al. 2013; Van Hout 2014a; Kapitány-Fövény et al. 2015; Hearne et al. 2016; Rácz et al. 2016).”
Background
Universal School-Based Implementation of Screening Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment to Reduce and Prevent Alcohol, Marijuana, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use: Process and Feasibility
Maslowsky, J., Capell, J. W., Moberg, D. P., & Brown, R. L. (2017) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221817746668 · Cited by 37
Developmental pathways of adolescent cannabis use: Risk factors, outcomes and sex-specific differences
Hawes, S. W., Trucco, E. M., Duperrouzel, J. C., Coxe, S. J., & González, R. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1517177 · Cited by 37
School Climate as a Universal Intervention to Prevent Substance Use Initiation in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study
Daily, S. M., Mann, M. J., Lilly, C. L., Bias, T. K., Smith, M. L., & Kristjánsson, Á. L. (2020) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198120914250 · Cited by 39
“Nationally, alcohol continues to be the most commonly initiated substance by adolescents (62%; Johnston et al., 2018).”
Background
Trends and Associations of Menthol Cigarette Smoking Among US Middle and High School Students—National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011–2018
Sawdey, M. D., Chang, J. T., Cullen, K. A., Rass, O., Jackson, K. J., Ali, F. R. M., Odani, S., Courtney‐Long, E. A., Armour, B. S., Ambrose, B. K., et al. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa054 · Cited by 37
Reassessing the importance of ‘lost pleasure’ associated with smoking cessation: implications for social welfare and policy
Pechacek, T. F., Nayak, P., Slovic, P., Weaver, S. R., Huang, J., & Eriksen, M. P. (2017) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053734 · Cited by 36
Pathways to Drinking Among Hispanic/Latino Adolescents: Perceived Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Peer Affiliations
Acosta, S. L., Hospital, M. M., Graziano, J. N., Morris, S. L., & Wagner, E. F. (2015) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2014.993787 · Cited by 36
Types of Dual and Poly-Tobacco Users in the US Military
Little, M. A., Bursac, Z., Derefinko, K. J., Ebbert, J. O., Talcott, G. W., Hryshko‐Mullen, A., & Klesges, R. C. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv321 · Cited by 36
Designed Cultural Adaptation and Delivery Quality in Rural Substance Use Prevention: an Effectiveness Trial for the Keepin’ it REAL Curriculum
Hecht, M. L., Shin, Y., Pettigrew, J., Miller-Day, M. A., & Krieger, J. L. R. (2018) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0937-y · Cited by 36
“Cultural adaptation With substantial substance use among youth (Johnston et al. 2016), implementing effective prevention programming remains an important goal.”
Characterizing Polytobacco Use Trajectories and Their Associations With Substance Use and Mental Health Across Mid-Adolescence
Cho, J., Goldenson, N. I., Stone, M. D., McConnell, R., Barrington‐Trimis, J. L., Chou, C., Sussman, S. Y., Riggs, N. R., & Leventhal, A. M. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx270 · Cited by 36
“Extending extant cross-sectional data,16,17,19,40–42 the three polytobacco use trajectory groups identified in this prospective study followed a risk gradient for engaging in substance use behaviors and reporting clinical levels of mental health symptomology with: (1) Chronic polyproduct users displaying the highest r…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Behavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood
Rapuano, K. M., Rosenberg, M. D., Maza, M. T., Dennis, N. J., Dorji, M., Greene, A. S., Horien, C. L., Scheinost, D., Constable, R. T., & Casey, B. J. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100878 · Cited by 42
The Future of Substance Abuse Now: Relationships among Adolescent Use of Vaping Devices, Marijuana, and Synthetic Cannabinoids
Tai, H., Swartz, M. D., Marsden, D., & Perry, C. L. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1849305 · Cited by 36

Authors: Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Miech, R.A.
Bachman, J.G.
Schulenberg, J.E.
Patrick, M.E.
Publisher: Monitoring the Future
Published: 2018
DOI: 10.3998/2027.42/148123
OpenAlex: W2754382760
Cited by: 1,199
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 247 · 2018: 155
Type: report
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: University of Michigan
National Institute on Drug Abuse (001411, DA001411, R01DA001411)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
Keywords: adolescent drug use, adolescent alcohol use, binge drinking, cannabis use, nicotine vaping, electronic cigarettes, illicit drug use, substance use trends, drunkenness, tobacco use, Monitoring the Future, high school students

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Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use

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