Exploring Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use in Adolescents: A Narrative Review of the Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Amidst the evolving policy surrounding cannabis legalization in the United States, cannabis use is becoming increasingly prevalent as perceptions of harm decrease, particularly among adolescents. Cannabis and alcohol are commonly used by adolescents and are often used together. However, developmental research has historically taken a “single substance” approach to examine the association of substance use and adolescent brain and behavior rather than examining co-(or poly-substance) use of multiple substances, such as cannabis and alcohol. Thus, the acute effects of cannabis and alcohol, and the impact of co-use of cannabis and alcohol on the adolescent brain, cognitive function and subsequent psychosocial outcomes remains understudied. This narrative review aims to examine the effects of cannabis and alcohol on adolescents across a number of behavioral and neurobiological outcomes. Methods: The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for the last 10 years to identify articles reporting on acute effects of cannabis and alcohol administration, and the effects of cannabis and alcohol on neuropsychological, neurodevelopmental, neural (e.g., structural and functional neuroimaging), and psychosocial outcomes in adolescents. When adolescent data were not available, adult studies were included as support for potential areas of future direction in adolescent work. Results: Current studies of the impact of cannabis and alcohol on adolescent brain and behavior have yielded a complicated pattern. Some suggest that the use of cannabis in addition to alcohol during adolescence may have a “protective” effect, yielding neuropsychological and structural brain outcomes that are better than those for adolescents who use only alcohol. However, other adolescent studies suggest that cannabis and alcohol co-use is associated with negative health and social outcomes such as poorer academic performance and impaired driving. Conclusion: Variation in study methodologies, policy-level limitations and our limited understanding of the developmental neurobiological effects of cannabis preclude the straightforward interpretation of the existing data on adolescent cannabis and alcohol use. Further research on this topic is requisite to inform the development of effective intervention and prevention programs for adolescent substance users, which hinge on a more comprehensive understanding of how cannabis—and its intersection with alcohol—impacts the developing brain and behavior.
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Researchers are increasingly studying effects of drugs in combination to better model human consumption.
“Researchers are increasingly studying the effects of drugs in combination to better model the way humans consume drugs [224–227].”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [227]
The Introduction (page not provided) says cannabis and alcohol are commonly co-used and that their combined effects warrant study; the review also describes studies examining those effects. The Abstract’s Objective (page not provided) says co-use remains understudied. The paper supports the rationale for studying this combination, but does not establish an increasing research trend across drugs generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne recent review of studies investigating individuals that use both cannabis and alcohol reported mixed results, with some findings suggesting cannabis use may be protective of effects of alcohol use, while other studies find more negative outcomes such as low academic performance.
“One recent review of studies investigating individuals that use both cannabis and alcohol reported mixed results, with some findings suggesting that cannabis use may be protective of the effects of alcohol use, while other studies find more negative outcomes such as low academic performance [227].”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [227]
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Weiss, E. M., Singewald, E., Ruepp, B., et al. (2013) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-013-0226-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The cannabis conundrum: Thinking outside the THC box
Hagerty, S. L., Williams, S., Mittal, V. A., & Hutchison, K. E. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.511 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Oshri, A., Carlson, M. W., Bord, S., & Zeichner, A. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1245336 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- National Academies of Sciences. (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of … - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Health Effects of. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ov2dDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR17&dq=The+Health+Effects+of+Cannabis+and+Cannabinoids:+The+Current+State+of+Evidence+and+Recommendations+for+Research&ots=oBhk8cTbvq&sig=qdn_7fL1FOT7r4T3p4XFkkd2Ow4#v=onepage&q=TheHea 28182367
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Consequences of adolescent drug use
Steinfeld, M. R., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02590-4 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Fischer, B., Robinson, T., Bullen, C., Curran, V., Jutras-Aswad, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., Pacula, R. L., Rehm, J., Room, R., Brink, W. V. D., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103381 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Lee, G., Hicks, D. L., Kedia, S., Regmi, S., & Mou, X. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107456 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Karoly, H. C., Ross, J. M., Ellingson, J. M., & Feldstein Ewing, S. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Corresponding author
- Karoly, Hollis C.
- Venue
- Journal of Dual Diagnosis
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-09-13
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 58-74
- ISSN
- 1550-4263 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-4271
- PMC
- PMC7007306
- OpenAlex
- W2973108501
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Dual Diagnosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K23AA026635, K24AA026876, R01AA023658)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA017637)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- cannabis, alcohol, polydrug use, adolescent substance use, adolescent brain development, neuropsychological outcomes, brain structural changes, functional neuroimaging, academic performance, impaired driving, substance use prevention
- MeSH terms
- Marijuana Use, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Alcohol Drinking, Brain, Humans, Comorbidity, Adolescent Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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