Cited by 1,199Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and CessationYouth, Drugs, and Violence

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Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use

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Johnston, L.D, Miech, R.A., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., Schulenberg, J.E., Patrick, M.E.·2018

DOI 10.3998/2027.42/148123

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Abstract

i tracked adolescent drug use.Nicotine vaping prevalence rates in 2018 were 11%, 25%, and 30%, respectively.Marijuana vaping also increased substantially in 2018 as this new way of using marijuana becomes more mainstream.In 2018 prevalence of use in the last 12 months increased 1.3, 4.2, and 3.6 percentage points in 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th grades to levels of 4.4%, 12.4%, and 13.1%, respectively.Vaping just flavoring also substantially increased in 2018 to past-year prevalence levels of 15%, 25%, and 26% in 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th grades.Adolescents associate little risk of harm with vaping.MTF asks separately about regular use of "e-cigarettes" and also regular vaping of nicotine.Levels of perceived risk for these behaviors rank near the lowest of all substances, with little change in recent years. Alcohol Use Continues Declining in Upper GradesAlcohol remains the substance most widely used by today's teenagers.Despite recent declines, by the end of high school six out of every ten students (59%) have consumed alcohol (more than just a few sips) at some time in their lives (after a significant 3 percentage point drop in 2018); and about a quarter (24%) have done so by 8 th grade.(Only the 12 th grade showed significant change in 2018.)Alcohol use began a substantial decline in the 1980s.To some degree, alcohol trends have tended to parallel the trends in illicit drug use.These include a modest increase in binge drinking (defined as having five or more drinks in a row at least once in the past two weeks) in the early to mid-1990s, though it was a proportionally smaller increase than was seen for cigarettes and most of the illicit drugs.Fortunately, binge drinking rates leveled off in the early 2000s, just about when the illicit drug rates began to turn around, and in 2002, a drop in drinking and drunkenness resumed in all grades.Gradual declines in thirty-day prevalence continued in the upper grades into 2018, which marked the lowest levels for alcohol use and drunkenness ever recorded by the survey in the three grades combined.However, the decline in the annual prevalence of alcohol use has halted in the two lower grades.Only in 12 th grade is decline continuing, likely as the result of a cohort effect.This development may herald the end of the long-term decline in adolescent alcohol use.Still, prior to this year lifetime prevalence and annual prevalence for the three grades combined both declined by roughly 40-45% from the peak levels of use reached in the mid-1990s; 30-day prevalence was down by about one-half since then; and daily prevalence by three-fourths.These are dramatic declines for such a culturally ingrained behavior and good news to many parents.3 Prevalence refers to the proportion or percentage of the sample reporting use of the given substance on one or more occasions in a given time interval-e.g., lifetime, past 12 months, or past 30 days.For most drugs, the prevalence of daily use refers to reported use on 20 or more occasions in the past 30 days, except for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, for which actual daily use is measured, and for binge drinking, defined as having 5+ drinks on at least one occasion in the prior two weeks.

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BackgroundResultInfluential
Abstinence based incentives plus parent training for adolescent alcohol and other substance misuse.
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“Given the prevalence of marijuana use [40], especially in younger populations, further research is needed.”
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Background
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Background
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Method
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Self-citation
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BackgroundInfluential
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“7% of never smokers were using ecigarettes for > 5 days and 20–30 days of the past month, respectively [7].”
Background
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“According to the Monitoring the Future Study, daily cannabis use increased among US youth in grades 8, 10 and 12 after 2007, peaking in 2011 thereafter declining slightly (Johnston et al., 2018).”
Method
Two- and three-year follow-up from a gender-specific, web-based drug abuse prevention program for adolescent girls
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“…8th and 12th grades, the percentage of girls who vape any substance doubles from 6% to 12%; the percentage of girls who smoke cigarettes or marijuana quadruples from 2% to 8% and from 5.5% to 21.5%, respectively; and the percent of girls who drink alcohol increases by 255% (Johnston et al., 2018b).”
BackgroundInfluential
Sexual risk classes among youth experiencing homelessness: Relation to childhood adversities, current mental symptoms, substance use, and HIV testing
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“Substance use was assessed using items adapted from the Monitoring the Future study which asked youth to report whether they had used marijuana, synthetic marijuana, or alcohol in the past 30 days [84].”
Method
Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) for Girls and Women
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Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control Associated with Age of First Use of Cannabis among Adolescents
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Factors related to substance use among adolescents from six low-and middle-income countries
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“Adolescence is the period in human development characterised by increased experimentation with substance use (Johnston et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Awareness, Perception of Risk and Behaviors Related to Retail Marijuana Among a Sample of Colorado Youth
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A new era for drinking? Epidemiological evidence on adolescent male–female differences in drinking incidence in the United States and Europe
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For Whom Do Parenting Interventions to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use Work?
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“Studies have found that gaps between rates of substance use in boys and girls have been narrowing in recent years, and that girls in early andmiddle adolescence have higher incidence of alcohol use than males (Cheng et al. 2016; Johnston et al. 2015).”
Background
Onset, Comorbidity, and Predictors of Nicotine, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use Disorders Among North American Indigenous Adolescents
Hautala, D. S., Sittner, K. J., & Walls, M. L. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0500-0 · Cited by 32
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Fish, J. N., Watson, R. J., Gahagan, J., Porta, C. M., Beaulieu‐Prévost, D., & Russell, S. T. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12880 · Cited by 28
“Though rates of adolescent tobacco use have declined [3], sexual minority (e.”
Rural–Urban Differences in the Decline of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking
Ziller, E. C., Mhs, J. D. L., Paluso, N., Talbot, J. A., & Daley, A. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2019.304995 · Cited by 28
Effectiveness of a hybrid digital substance abuse prevention approach combining e-Learning and in-person class sessions
Griffin, K. W., Williams, C., Botvin, C. M., Sousa, S. M., & Botvin, G. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.931276 · Cited by 27
Global burden of substance use disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2021
Chen, H., Liu, S. P., Wang, W., Shi, H., Gao, S., Yan, Y., Fang, J., Zhan, Y., Chen, H., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11266-6 · Cited by 28
“Our findings align with prior evidence of a persistent, albeit declining, SUD burden in this population over the past three decades 3,4,37–39 .”
Past 15-year trends in lifetime cocaine use among US high school students
Schneider, K. E., Krawczyk, N., Xuan, Z., & Johnson, R. M. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.028 · Cited by 27
Correlates of Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use Among U.S. Adolescents
Barnett, T. E., Thompson, E. L., Litt, D., & Lewis, M. A. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.05.006 · Cited by 27
The Use of Psychoactive Substances in a Conflict Area in the West Bank: Drug Use Risk Factors and Practices in Palestinian Refugee Camps
Damiri, B. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00183-1 · Cited by 27
Do youth who vape exhibit risky health lifestyles? Monitoring the future, 2017
Jackson, D. B., Boccio, C. M., & Leal, W. E. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106101 · Cited by 27
Cannabis use among Norwegian university students: Gender differences, legalization support and use intentions, risk perceptions, and use disorder
Andreas, J. B., Sivertsen, B., Lønning, K. J., & Skogen, J. C. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100339 · Cited by 27
“…tools such as the Monitoring the Future (MTF) in the USA, and the European School Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) in the European Union, gather and examine information not only on underage substance use but also on related risk perceptions (Piontek et al., 2013; Johnston et al., 2017).”
Background
Effect of Including Alcohol and Cannabis Content in a Sexual Risk-Reduction Intervention on the Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents
Bryan, A. D., Magnan, R. E., Gillman, A. S., Yeater, E. A., Ewing, S. W. F., Kong, A. S., & Schmiege, S. J. (2018) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5621 · Cited by 27
Dual Use of Nicotine and Cannabis Through Vaping Among Adolescents
Moustafa, A. F., Rodriguez, D., Pianin, S. H., Testa, S. M., & Audrain-McGovern, J. E. (2022) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.11.022 · Cited by 26
The effects of adolescent alcohol exposure on learning and related neurobiology in humans and rodents
Seemiller, L. R., & Gould, T. J. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107234 · Cited by 23
“United States adolescent drug use and cognition Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse among adolescents (Johnston et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Prescription Stimulants in College and Medical Students: A Narrative Review of Misuse, Cognitive Impact, and Adverse Effects
Edinoff, A. N., Nix, C. A., McNeil, S. E., Wagner, S. E., Johnson, C. A., Williams, B. C., Cornett, E. M., Murnane, K. S., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint3030018 · Cited by 26
“Furthermore, compared to opioid misuse, college students have higher rates of non-medical stimulant misuse [20,21,23,24].”
BackgroundInfluential
Impulsivity Moderates the Relation between Depressive Symptoms and Substance Use across Adolescence
Felton, J., Shadur, J. M., Havewala, M., Gonçalves, S., & Lejuez, C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1537189 · Cited by 24
“By the end of high school, 61.5% of all students endorse using alcohol, and nearly half report engaging in illicit substance use (Johnston et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Changes from 2017 to 2018 in e‐cigarette use and in ever marijuana use with e‐cigarettes among US adolescents: analysis of the National Youth Tobacco Survey
Farsalinos, K. E., Barbouni, A., & NIAURA, R. S. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15162 · Cited by 26
Bidirectional associations between alcohol use and intimate partner violence and sexual assault victimization among college women
Dardis, C. M., Ullman, S. E., Rodriguez, L. M., Waterman, E. A., Dworkin, E. R., & Edwards, K. M. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106833 · Cited by 26
The effects of cocaine exposure in adolescence: Behavioural effects and neuroplastic mechanisms in experimental models
Caffino, L., Mottarlini, F., Zita, G., Gawliński, D., Gawlińska, K., Wydra, K., Przegaliński, E., & Fumagalli, F. (2021) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15523 · Cited by 27
Assessing the Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use Disorder and Admissions to Treatment in the United States
Aletraris, L., Graves, B. D., & Ndungu, J. J. W. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00470-x · Cited by 26
Exploring the Relationship Between Stimulant Use and Gambling in College Students
Geisner, I. M., Huh, D., Cronce, J. M., Lostutter, T. W., Kilmer, J. R., & Larimer, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9586-2 · Cited by 26
“Among students in college, amphetamine use rose sharply from 5.7 % in 2008 to 10.1 % in 2014 (Johnston et al. 2015).”
Influential
Physical pain is common and associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use among people who inject drugs
Dahlman, D., Kral, A. H., Wenger, L. D., Håkansson, A., & Novak, S. P. (2017) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-017-0112-7 · Cited by 27
Influence of mental health and alcohol or other drug use risk on adolescent reported care received in primary care settings
Meredith, L. S., Ewing, B. A., Stein, B. D., Shadel, W. G., Holliday, S. B., Parast, L. M., & D’Amico, E. J. (2018) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-017-0689-y · Cited by 26
Adverse Childhood Experiences and E‐Cigarette Use During Young Adulthood
Shin, S. H., Conley, D. L., Jiskrova, G. K., & Wills, T. A. (2019) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12890 · Cited by 26
Association between perceived risk of harm and self-reported binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and marijuana smoking in young adults
Hanauer, M., Walker, M. R., Machledt, K., Ragatz, M., & Macy, J. T. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1676757 · Cited by 26
“In contrast, cigarette smoking is more common among noncollege individuals than among college students.(43,44) This study did not take place in a state where use of marijuana was legalized or decriminalized, so the higher marijuana use rates are not explained by such policy factors.”
Background
Innovative Identification of Substance Use Predictors: Machine Learning in a National Sample of Mexican Children
Vázquez, A. L., Rodríguez, M. M. D., Barrett, T. S., Schwartz, S., Buenabad, N. G. A., Gamino, M. N. B., López, M. D. L. G., & Velázquez, J. A. V. (2020) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01089-4 · Cited by 26
“However, studies inMexico and the USA have predominantly focused on substance use after age 12, which has resulted in a dearth of knowledge regarding risk and protective factors for substance use prior to adolescence (Johnston et al. 2018; SAMHSA 2017; Villatorro Velázquez et al. 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Neuroinformatics Software Applications Supporting Electronic Data Capture, Management, and Sharing for the Neuroimaging Community
Nichols, B. N., & Pohl, K. M. (2015) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-015-9293-x · Cited by 25
Self-Esteem and Alcohol Use Among Youths
Bartsch, L. A., King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2017) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2017.1322018 · Cited by 25
Prevalence and associated factors of psychoactive substance use among university students in the West Bank, Palestine
Damiri, B., Sandouka, H. N., Janini, E. H., & Yaish, O. N. (2019) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2019.1591341 · Cited by 25
Substance Use Patterns Among Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis
Lee, H., Yang, K., Palmer, J. E., Kameg, B., Clark, L., & Greene, B. W. (2019) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390319858658 · Cited by 24
Awareness of and Receptivity to the Fresh Empire Tobacco Public Education Campaign Among Hip Hop Youth
Guillory, J. E., Henes, A., Farrelly, M. C., Fiacco, L., Alam, I. Z., Curry, L. E., Ganz, O., Hoffman, L., & Delahanty, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.005 · Cited by 25
The Regulatory and Marketing Environment Surrounding the Legalization of Retail Marijuana and the Impact on Youth
Kelly, K. J., Berry, C., Comello, M. L. G., & Ray, H. B. (2020) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/0743915620911632 · Cited by 25
“However, recent data show that 12- to 17-year-olds perceive marijuana use as less risky over time, and this perception is attributed to increasing normalization due in part to legalization (Johnston et al. 2018; Pacula et al. 2015; Schuermeyer et al. 2014).”
Background
Past 30–Day Marijuana Vaping: Prevalence and Predictors of Use in a Nationally Representative Study of U.S. Youth
Kritikos, A. F., Johnson, J. K., & Hodgkin, D. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.029 · Cited by 25
A Close Look at Vaping in Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States
Polosa, R., Casale, T. B., & Tashkin, D. P. (2022) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.06.005 · Cited by 25
Global Trends in the Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption Among School-Going Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years
Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Pizzol, D., Oh, H. Y., Barnett, Y., Schuch, F. B., Butler, L. T., McDermott, D. T., Ball, G., Chandola‐Saklani, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.007 · Cited by 25

Authors: Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Miech, R.A.
Bachman, J.G.
Schulenberg, J.E.
Patrick, M.E.
Publisher: Monitoring the Future
Published: 2018
DOI: 10.3998/2027.42/148123
OpenAlex: W2754382760
Cited by: 1,199
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 247 · 2018: 155
Type: report
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: University of Michigan
National Institute on Drug Abuse (001411, DA001411, R01DA001411)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
Keywords: adolescent drug use, adolescent alcohol use, binge drinking, cannabis use, nicotine vaping, electronic cigarettes, illicit drug use, substance use trends, drunkenness, tobacco use, Monitoring the Future, high school students

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Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use

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