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Eye Tracking in HCI and Usability Research
Abstract
Eye tracking is a technique whereby an individual’s eye movements are measured so that the researcher knows both where a person is looking at any given time and the sequence in which the person’s eyes are shifting from one location to another. Tracking people’s eye movements can help HCI researchers to understand visual and display-based information processing and the factors that may impact the usability of system interfaces. In this way, eye-movement recordings can provide an objective source of interface-evaluation data that can inform the design of improved interfaces. Eye movements also can be captured and used as control signals to enable people to interact with interfaces directly without the need for mouse or keyboard input, which can be a major advantage for certain populations of users, such as disabled individuals. We begin this article with an overview of eye-tracking technology and progress toward a detailed discussion of the use of eye tracking in HCI and usability research. A key element of this discussion is to provide a practical guide to inform researchers of the various eye-movement measures that can be taken and the way in which these metrics can address questions about system usability. We conclude by considering the future prospects for eye-tracking research in HCI and usability testing.
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“The higher the number of fixations, the more difficult it is to identify the target in the search task and the greater the cognitive load (Poole and Ball, 2006).”
From The impact of usage experience and input modality on trust experience and cognitive load in older adults (2025) · cites this paper as Poole and Ball, 2006
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“Eye-Tracking Eye-tracking is a technique that allows evaluating eye movements and their sequence to understand the processing of the information received from the screen and the behavior during a usability test [34].”
MethodTang, P., Yao, Z., Luan, J., & Xiao, J. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1813331 · Cited by 19
“At the same time, eye-tracking is regarded as an objective method and provides a window into individuals ’ cognitive processing by recording eye movement metrics (Poole and Ball 2006; Dja-masbi, Siegel, and Tullis 2010).”
MethodNizam, D. N. M., & Law, E. L. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102558 · Cited by 23
Hollander, J. B., Sussman, A., Lowitt, P. C., Angus, N., Situ, M., & Magnuson, A. (2022) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2022.2118697 · Cited by 20
“How do people perceive and navigate the built environment? Xie et al. (2011) study human abilities to navigate and understand their environments and conclude that there are numerous physical, psychological, and cognitive factors that impact the routes people choose.”
BackgroundMethodPółrolniczak, M., & Kolendowicz, L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42014-3 · Cited by 19
“Saccades describe interconnected eye movements (between two consecutive fixations) quickly transferring the eyes to the next position 51 .”
The influence of snippet length on user behavior in mobile web search
Sachse, J. (2019) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-07-2018-0182 · Cited by 19
Understanding the effectiveness of adaptive guidance for narrative visualization
Barral, O., Lallé, S., & Conati, C. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3377325.3377517 · Cited by 19
“Such transitions have been used in particular to understand the processing strategies of users, i.e., how users integrate different components of a visual interface [10, 29, 31].”
BackgroundInfluentialMeasuring construction workers attention using eye-tracking technology
Bhoir, S. A., Hasanzadeh, S., Esmaeili, B., Dodd, M. D., & Fardhosseini, M. S. (2015) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0076423 · Cited by 23
“In the past decade, use of eye-tracking has been flourishing in studies related to human computer interaction (Jacob and Karn 2003, Jaimes and Sebe 2007), usability research (Poole and Ball 2006), advertisement”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Poole, A., & Ball, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Lancaster University (GB)
- ORCID
- Ball, Linden J.
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- IGI Global
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 211-219
- OpenAlex
- W401941822
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IGI Global eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- eye tracking, eye movements, usability evaluation, human-computer interaction, eye movement metrics, visual processing, gaze-based interaction, assistive technology for people with disabilities, interface design
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