Cited by 690Gaze Tracking and Assistive TechnologyUsability and User Interface DesignHuman-Automation Interaction and Safety

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Eye Tracking in HCI and Usability Research

Poole, Alex, Ball, Linden J.·2006·Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction

DOI 10.4018/978-1-59140-562-7.ch034

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Abstract

Eye tracking is a technique whereby an individual’s eye movements are measured so that the researcher knows both where a person is looking at any given time and the sequence in which the person’s eyes are shifting from one location to another. Tracking people’s eye movements can help HCI researchers to understand visual and display-based information processing and the factors that may impact the usability of system interfaces. In this way, eye-movement recordings can provide an objective source of interface-evaluation data that can inform the design of improved interfaces. Eye movements also can be captured and used as control signals to enable people to interact with interfaces directly without the need for mouse or keyboard input, which can be a major advantage for certain populations of users, such as disabled individuals. We begin this article with an overview of eye-tracking technology and progress toward a detailed discussion of the use of eye tracking in HCI and usability research. A key element of this discussion is to provide a practical guide to inform researchers of the various eye-movement measures that can be taken and the way in which these metrics can address questions about system usability. We conclude by considering the future prospects for eye-tracking research in HCI and usability testing.

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Background
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BackgroundMethod
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Almindelawy, A. A., & Ali, M. H. (2022) · Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences · doi:10.29194/njes.25010012 · Cited by 8
The Effect of Pilots’ Expertise on Eye Movement and Scan Patterns During Simulated Flight Tasks
Hua, Y., Fu, S., & Lü, Y. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06086-1_22 · Cited by 6
Cognitive and Behavioral Impacts of Two Decision-Support Modes for Judgmental Bootstrapping
Marois, A., Labonté, K., Lafond, D., Neyedli, H. F., & Tremblay, S. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/15553434231153311 · Cited by 6
Interaction in Metaverse: A Survey
Lin, H., Gan, Z., Gan, W., Qi, Z., Wang, Y., & Yu, P. S. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386876 · Cited by 10
“Most of the research directions for HCI methods allow users to interact with computers with the help of their own sensory systems and limbs, enhancing the ease of interaction.”
Background
The Development and Refinement of Student Self-Regulatory Strategies in Online Learning Environments
Persaud, N., & Eliot, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02868-2_25 · Cited by 6
A Legibility Study of Chinese Character Complicacy and Eye Movement Data
Ma, M., & Chuang, H.-C. (2015) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/24.pms.120v16x1 · Cited by 6
“It also tracks the dynamics of attention and cognitive activity when viewing visual features by revealing the attention distribution, viewing area, and viewing 18_PMS_Ma_150008.indd 234 09/02/15 11:44 AM strategy of participants ( Poole & Ball, 2006 ).”
Background
Performance-Based Eye-Tracking Analysis in a Dynamic Monitoring Task
Du, W., & Kim, J. H. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39952-2_17 · Cited by 6
Don’t Leave Me Alone: Retrospective Think Aloud Supported by Real-Time Monitoring of Participant’s Physiology
Liapis, A., Katsanos, C., & Xenos, M. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91238-7_13 · Cited by 12
Three Column Website Layout vs. Grid Website Layout: An Eye Tracking Study
Namoun, A. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91803-7_20 · Cited by 7
Why is Eye Tracking an Essential Part of Neuroergonomics?
Peysakhovich, V., Dehais, F., & Duchowski, A. T. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811926-6.00004-x · Cited by 6
A Study on Attention Attracting Elements of 360-Degree Videos Based on VR Eye-Tracking System
Choi, H., & Nam, S.-H. (2022) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti6070054 · Cited by 6
Estimation of Electrooculography and Blinking Signals Based on Filter Banks
Krupiński, R., & Mazurek, P. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33564-8_19 · Cited by 6
Eye Tracking Based Experimental Evaluation of the Parameters of Online Content Affecting the Web User Behaviour
Jankowski, J., Wątróbski, J., Witkowska, K., et al. (2016) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28419-4_20 · Cited by 6
Eye Movement Analysis in Biometrics
Galdi, C., & Nappi, M. (2018) · Series in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1144-4_8 · Cited by 6
Göz İzleme Tekniği ile Okuma Becerilerinin İncelenmesi
Özer, E., Özdemir, S., & Kara, M. (2020) · Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37217/tebd.714158 · Cited by 6
The impact of usage experience and input modality on trust experience and cognitive load in older adults
Huang, H., & Hou, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1659594 · Cited by 5
System for Evaluating Usability and User Experience by Analyzing Repeated Patterns
Kim, Y., Kang, S.-J., & Kim, C. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39229-0_35 · Cited by 5
“The approach was usually to analyze the data obtained from surveys or log files, which recorded the activity of users, or to use technology such as user eye tracking [3-6].”
Method
Survey on Eye Movement Based Authentication Systems
Zhang, Y., & Mou, X. (2015) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48558-3_15 · Cited by 5
Impact of Passive Laboratory Alerts on Navigating Electronic Health Records in Intensive Care Simulations
Arthurs, B. J., Mohan, V., McGrath, K., Scholl, G., & Gold, J. A. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018774388 · Cited by 5
“These metrics have been increasingly applied in human computer interface and health care information technology (HIT) research (Asan & Yang, 2015; Poole & Ball, 2006).”
Method
Emotions and eye-tracking of differing age groups searching on e-book wall
Wu, K.-C., & Huang, Y.-H. (2018) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-01-2018-0017 · Cited by 5
Natural Pursuits for Eye Tracker Calibration
Murauer, M., Haslgrübler, M., & Ferscha, A. (2018) · International Workshop on Sensor-based Activity Recognition and Interaction (iWOAR) · doi:10.1145/3266157.3266207 · Cited by 5
“As eye behaviour analysis has been successfully used for attention detection [31], cognitive load modelling [9] and skill recognition [23, 45], eye tracking is highly interesting to realize cognition-aware computing.”
Method
Visual Analytics Methods for Eye Tracking Data
Quadar, N., Chehri, A., & Geon, G. (2020) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5784-2_1 · Cited by 5
Design Suggestions for Digital Workflow Oriented Desktop VR Spaces
Sudár, A., & Horváth, I. (2024) · Híradástechnika/Infocommunications journal · doi:10.36244/icj.2024.5.14 · Cited by 5

Authors: Poole, A., & Ball, L. J.
Affiliations: Lancaster University (GB)
ORCID: Ball, Linden J.
Venue: Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction
Publisher: IGI Global
Published: 2006
Pages: 211-219
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59140-562-7.ch034
OpenAlex: W401941822
Cited by: 690
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
Type: reference entry
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: IGI Global eBooks (publishedVersion)
Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
Keywords: eye tracking, eye movements, usability evaluation, human-computer interaction, eye movement metrics, visual processing, gaze-based interaction, assistive technology for people with disabilities, interface design

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Eye Tracking in HCI and Usability Research

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