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Eye Tracking in HCI and Usability Research
Abstract
Eye tracking is a technique whereby an individual’s eye movements are measured so that the researcher knows both where a person is looking at any given time and the sequence in which the person’s eyes are shifting from one location to another. Tracking people’s eye movements can help HCI researchers to understand visual and display-based information processing and the factors that may impact the usability of system interfaces. In this way, eye-movement recordings can provide an objective source of interface-evaluation data that can inform the design of improved interfaces. Eye movements also can be captured and used as control signals to enable people to interact with interfaces directly without the need for mouse or keyboard input, which can be a major advantage for certain populations of users, such as disabled individuals. We begin this article with an overview of eye-tracking technology and progress toward a detailed discussion of the use of eye tracking in HCI and usability research. A key element of this discussion is to provide a practical guide to inform researchers of the various eye-movement measures that can be taken and the way in which these metrics can address questions about system usability. We conclude by considering the future prospects for eye-tracking research in HCI and usability testing.
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“The higher the number of fixations, the more difficult it is to identify the target in the search task and the greater the cognitive load (Poole and Ball, 2006).”
From The impact of usage experience and input modality on trust experience and cognitive load in older adults (2025) · cites this paper as Poole and Ball, 2006
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Items 201–300 of 673
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Discovering prominent themes of the application of eye tracking technology in marketing research
Muñoz‐Leiva, F., Rodríguez-López, M. E., & García-Martí, B. (2022) · Cuadernos de Gestión · doi:10.5295/cdg.211516fm · Cited by 19
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Affective Information Processing of Fake News: Evidence from NeuroIS
Lutz, B., Adam, M. T. P., Feuerriegel, S., Pröllochs, N., & Neumann, D. (2019) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28144-1_13 · Cited by 18
Positional Change of the Eyeball During Eye Movements: Evidence of Translatory Movement
Moon, Y., Lee, W. J., Shin, S. H., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. Y., Oh, S. Y., & Lim, H. W. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.556441 · Cited by 19
“Most eye-gaze tracking technologies rely on some properties or characteristics of the eye that can be detected and tracked by a device (4, 18) The pupil (19–22), limbus (15, 23), corneal reflex (24), and Purkinje reflex (17, 25–27) are common features used for tracking.”
BackgroundYin, Y., Alqahtani, Y., Feng, J. H., Chakraborty, J., & McGuire, M. P. (2021) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-020-00444-0 · Cited by 17
“Eye tracking hardware measures the eye movements of a person when visually processing information [41].”
BackgroundSupporting School Aged Children to Train Their Vision by Using Serious Games
Heldal, I., Helgesen, C. G., Ali, Q., et al. (2021) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers10040053 · Cited by 18
“Ensuring that movements are correctly performed, the VTs can use anaglyphs, lenses, septa, stereoscopes, computer programs, paper, pencil, and miscellaneous tasks in the office and home vision training sessions [35].”
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Moacdieh, N. M., Prinet, J. C., & Sarter, N. B. (2013) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213571005 · Cited by 18
“monitoring (see Jacob and Karn (2003) or Poole and Ball (2006) for more comprehensive overviews of the various eye tracking definitions and available metrics).”
BackgroundMethodological Standards in Accessibility Research on Motor Impairments: A Survey
Sarsenbayeva, Z., van Berkel, N., Velloso, E., Goncalves, J., & Kostakos, V. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3543509 · Cited by 17
“This is not surprising considering that eye-trackers are mostly used in the laboratory environment because of their cost and configuration difficulties [185].”
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“Eye-movement eye-tracking technology have grown in the past decade for HCI usability studies [35] [20], eye tracking devices facilitated the detection of eye-fixations, gaze durations, and saccadic velocities and amplitudes [39].”
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“Total fixation duration, usually measured in milliseconds, is the sum of all the eye fixations on a given area of interest during an online viewing/reading task (Holmqvist et al., 2011; Poole & Ball, 2006; Slattery & Rayner, 2010).”
BackgroundSchwebler, S., Harrington, R. J., & Ottenbacher, M. C. (2018) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2018.1429339 · Cited by 17
Static and dynamic eye movement metrics for students’ performance assessment
Khedher, A. B., Jraidi, I., & Frasson, C. (2018) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-018-0065-y · Cited by 17
“For instance, as stated in different studies (Djamasbi, 2014; Poole & Ball, 2006), longer fixations do not always reflect users’ engagement; fixation metrics and learners’ performance may be negatively correlated.”
BackgroundAndaloussi, A. A., Slaats, T., Burattin, A., et al. (2019) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11641-5_37 · Cited by 17
Subjective and Objective Measures
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Understanding Student Success in Chemistry Using Gaze Tracking and Pupillometry
Peterson, J. C., Pardos, Z. A., Rau, M. A., et al. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_36 · Cited by 17
Attentional Behavior of Users on the Move Towards Pervasive Advertising Media
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An Overview of How Eye Tracking Is Used in Communication Research
Bol, N., Boerman, S. C., Bergstrom, J. C. R., & Kruikemeier, S. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40250-5_40 · Cited by 18
Sun, Q. C., Xia, J. C., Foster, J. K., Falkmer, T., & Lee, H. (2018) · European Transport Research Review · doi:10.1186/s12544-018-0308-6 · Cited by 16
“Eye tracking is one widely used technique to measure eye movement so that researchers can find where the person was looking at a given time, and the sequence of eye movement shifting from one location to another [63].”
MethodAn Analysis of Entropy-Based Eye Movement Events Detection
Harȩżlak, K., Augustyn, D. R., & Kasprowski, P. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21020107 · Cited by 16
“For example, eye-movement technology may be used for things such as ascertaining the usability of various interface types [1,2], recognizing visual patterns when reading [3,4] or searching for interesting information, and differentiating between experts and novices [5,6].”
Cojocaru, D., Manta, L. F., Pană, C. F., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010013 · Cited by 16
Eye-Tracking in Assessment of the Mental Workload of Harvester Operators
Naskrent, B., Grzywiński, W., Polowy, K., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095241 · Cited by 16
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“As eye fixations are argued to reflect attentional processing (Henderson 2003; Just & Carpenter 1976; Poole & Ball 2006), investigating eye fixations can help to identify stimuli associated with a phasic activation in the SCL data.”
BackgroundForewarning interruptions in dynamic settings: Can prevention bolster recovery?
Labonté, K., Tremblay, S., & Vachon, F. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000219 · Cited by 19
The Impact of Biometeorological Conditions on the Perception of Landscape
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BackgroundResultISeeColor: Method for Advanced Visual Analytics of Eye Tracking Data
Panetta, K. A., Wan, Q., Rajeev, S., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2980901 · Cited by 16
“Eye movement metrics [28], such as fixation duration count, saccade/fixation ratio, and saccade amplitudes, can be easily computed from raw eye-tracking data using standard software.”
MethodUsing an eye tracker to optimise career websites as a communication channel with Generation Y
Mičík, M., & Kunešová, H. (2020) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2020.1798264 · Cited by 16
Scan-based eye tracking measures are predictive of workload transition performance
Devlin, S. P., Brown, N. L., Drollinger, S. M., Sibley, C. M., Alami, J., & Riggs, S. L. (2022) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103829 · Cited by 20
Perspectives in eye-tracking technology for applications in education
Soares, R. D. S., Barreto, C., & Sato, J. R. (2023) · South African Journal of Childhood Education · doi:10.4102/sajce.v13i1.1204 · Cited by 15
“Such an approach can reveal visual attention or how the observer search for some object or information of interest during a task (Bojko 2013; Poole & Ball 2006).”
Atweh, J. A., Hayek, J. A., & Riggs, S. L. (2023) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/21695067231193683 · Cited by 15
“Fixations are spatially stable gaze points during which time visual processing takes place (Poole & Ball, 2006) while saccades are the rapid eye movements in between fixations, during which time no visual processing occurs (Yarbus, 1967).”
BackgroundSocio-cognitive gamification: general framework for educational games
Szegletes, L., Köles, M., & Forstner, B. (2015) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-015-0183-6 · Cited by 15
Language-Learner Computer Interactions
Caws, C., & Hamel, M.-J. (2016) · Language studies, science and engineering · doi:10.1075/lsse.2 · Cited by 17
Starke, S. D., Baber, C., Cooke, N. J., et al. (2017) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.01.006 · Cited by 15
“, 2014) and has long been used to inform user interface design (Jacob and Karn, 2003; Poole and Ball, 2006).”
MethodBurch, M., Schmauder, H., Raschke, M., et al. (2014) · ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA) · doi:10.1145/2578153.2578205 · Cited by 15
Hunfalvay, M., Murray, N. P., & Carrick, F. R. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1865566 · Cited by 15
The effects of visual formats on Facebook health-related posts: evidence from eye movement analysis
Yoon, J., & Syn, S. Y. (2022) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-10-2021-0360 · Cited by 15
Social Navigation Support for Information Seeking: If You Build It, Will They Come?
Farzan, R., & Brusilovsky, P. L. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02247-0_9 · Cited by 16
Supporting dynamic change detection: using the right tool for the task
Vallières, B. R., Hodgetts, H. M., Vachon, F., & Tremblay, S. (2016) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-016-0033-4 · Cited by 15
“We also examined how CHEX was used by participants through actions on the tool as well as the monitoring and recording of eye movements (e.g. Morrison, Marshall, Kelly, & Moore, 1997; Poole & Ball, 2006).”
MethodMaboe, M. J., Eloff, M. M., & Schoeman, M. A. (2018) · Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists (SAICSIT) · doi:10.1145/3278681.3278708 · Cited by 15
“All the participants had to follow a dot that appeared on the computer screen so that the centre of the pupil and reflection link of the cornea could be recorded by the system [32].”
BackgroundMethodCalibration-free text entry using smooth pursuit eye movements
Abdrabou, Y., Mostafa, M., Khamis, M., & Mougy, A. E. (2019) · ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA) · doi:10.1145/3314111.3319838 · Cited by 18
“Eye-trackers is used in marketing [Wedel and Pieters 2008], usability in human-computer interaction [Poole and Ball 2006], psychology [Schwarzkopf 2015], gaming, etc and text entry is not an exception.”
BackgroundMethodGołębiowska, I. M., Opach, T., & Rød, J. K. (2020) · The Cartographic Journal · doi:10.1080/00087041.2019.1660513 · Cited by 15
“The movement during a saccade is so fast that it is impossible to read any content during these moments (Poole and Ball, 2006).”
BackgroundEye Movement in User Experience and Human–Computer Interaction Research
Ball, L. J., & Richardson, B. H. (2022) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2391-6_10 · Cited by 15
Self-citationMarchini, A., Diotallevi, F., Paffarini, C., et al. (2015) · Qualitative Market Research An International Journal · doi:10.1108/qmr-02-2015-0009 · Cited by 14
The influence of coach reputation on the behavioral responses of male soccer players
Manley, A. J., Greenlees, I. A., Smith, M. J., Batten, J. C., & Birch, P. D. J. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12108 · Cited by 14
“…to coach instruction Gaze behavior (i.e., gaze direction and fixation frequency) was identified as a valid indicator of attention following examination of previous relevant literature (e.g., Just & Carpenter, 1976; Langton et al., 2000; Jacob & Karn, 2003; Eccles et al., 2006; Poole & Ball, 2006).”
BackgroundThe effect of cinematic cuts on human attention
Valuch, C., Ulrich Ansorge, A., Buchinger, S., Patrone, A. R., & Scherzer, O. (2014) · ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video · doi:10.1145/2602299.2602307 · Cited by 14
“Working towards this objective, HCI research has been using eye tracking as a means of evaluating user interfaces [11].”
BackgroundEye Movement Patterns in Solving Science Ordering Problems
Tang, H. N., Day, E. L., Kendhammer, L. K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.9.3.6 · Cited by 14
“Scanpath, a third type of eye movement measure, also is used (Poole & Ball, 2006).”
MethodTrusting a Humanoid Robot : Exploring Personality and Trusting Effects in a Human-Robot Partnership
Elson, J. S., Derrick, D. C., & Ligon, G. S. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.067 · Cited by 14
“location of a stimuli) [37] and “number of fixations” (how many fixation events happened within a specified area on the stimuli) [25].”
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Potential benefits of eye tracking within process control monitoring tasks
Shi, C., Noah, B., Rothrock, L., et al. (2021) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20892 · Cited by 14
“Eye tracking is a technique that measures individual's eye movements; it can help to understand visual and display‐based information processing and the factors that may influence the usability of system interfaces (Poole & Ball, 2006).”
Enhanced representation of web pages for usability analysis with eye tracking
Menges, R., Tamimi, H., Kumar, C., Walber, T., Schaefer, C., & Staab, S. (2018) · ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA) · doi:10.1145/3204493.3214308 · Cited by 16
Comparing Paper and Digital Topographic Maps Using Eye Tracking
Incoul, A., Ooms, K., & Maeyer, P. D. (2014) · Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07926-4_26 · Cited by 14
Effects of task and domain on searcher attention
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“Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.3 [Information Systems]: Information Storage and Retrieval Keywords Search result examination; user attention patterns; searcher behavior.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUsing eye-tracking technology to explore online learner interactions
Stickler, U., Smith, B., & Shi, L. (2016) · Language studies, science and engineering · doi:10.1075/lsse.2.08sti · Cited by 14
Making Sense of Mobile Eye-Tracking Data in the Real-World
Fong, A., Hoffman, D., & Ratwani, R. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213601362 · Cited by 14
“Eye-trackers provide unique insights linking the visual and cognitive process of humans to interactions with computer devices at a level of granularity that is deeper than explicit interaction (e.g. mouse movements or button pushes) (Jacob, 2003; Poole, 2006; Rayner, 1998).”
BackgroundImproving the representation of roles in conceptual modeling: theory, method, and evidence
Bera, P., Burton‐Jones, A., & Wand, Y. (2017) · Requirements Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00766-017-0275-9 · Cited by 16
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“Eye tracking has been considered an added value in this context, including testing in simulated environments, to complement traditional usability methods with objective data on visual attention, and to inform the design of improved interfaces (Poole and Ball 2006; Schiessl et al. 2003).”
BackgroundOn the Impact of Semantic Transparency on Understanding and Reviewing Social Goal Models
Santos, M., Gralha, C., Goulão, M., et al. (2018) · IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE) · doi:10.1109/re.2018.00031 · Cited by 14
“A higher number and duration of fixations is associated with a higher visual attention in a given set of AOIs (in this case, relevant vs. irrelevant model elements) [22–24].”
Wadhera, T., & Kakkar, D. (2018) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7004-2.ch007 · Cited by 14
3D Gaze Estimation Using RGB-IR Cameras
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“Eye tracking has applications in many areas, including medicine [1], psychology [2], driver testing [3], human–computer interaction (HCI), usability research [4] and more.”
BackgroundThe use of eye tracking in supporting individuals with dyslexia: a review
Nguyen, T. K. C., Le, D. D., Ha, L. T., et al. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2024.2437697 · Cited by 13
“…researcher to track where a person is looking at any given moment and the sequence in which their eyes are shifting from one location to another [6]. eye movements play a significant role in interpreting what we see as they have proven to be highly informative in revealing visual processing…”
How quickly do we learn conceptual models?
Bera, P., & Poels, G. (2019) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1080/0960085x.2019.1673972 · Cited by 12
“Hence for our study, a relevant eye-tracking metric is the Time for First Fixation (TFF) (Poole & Ball, 2006).”
Rjabovs, A., & Palacín, R. (2019) · Urban Rail Transit · doi:10.1007/s40864-019-00115-1 · Cited by 13
A Visualization Tool for Eye Tracking Data Analysis in the Web
Menges, R., Kramer, S., Hill, S., et al. (2020) · ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA) · doi:10.1145/3379156.3391831 · Cited by 13
“Eye tracking is used for analyzing attention in several domains, such as medical, sports, commerce, and human-computer interaction studies [Blascheck et al. 2016; Duchowski 2002; Holmqvist et al. 2011; Nielsen and Pernice 2009; Poole and Ball 2006].”
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“Beyond speech-based systems, cameras and computer vision can be used for generating input by monitoring the user’s actions [12,13].”
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Pierdicca, R., Paolanti, M., Naspetti, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging4080101 · Cited by 13
“In fact, eye tracking is a methodology whereby the position of the eye is used to determine gaze direction of a person at a given time and also the sequence in which they have been moved [9].”
MethodEmpirical Evaluation of Hybrid Gaze-Controller Selection Techniques in a Gaming Context
Dechant, M., Stavness, I., Mairena, A., & Mandryk, R. L. (2018) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3242671.3242699 · Cited by 12
My Little Robot: User Preferences in Game Agent Customization
Adinolf, S., Wyeth, P. A., Brown, R. A., & Harman, J. (2020) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3410404.3414241 · Cited by 14
HOW ADVERTISING AVOIDANCE AFFECTS VISUAL ATTENTION AND MEMORY OF ADVERTISEMENTS
Onişor, L.-F., & Ioniță, D. (2021) · Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.3846/jbem.2021.14546 · Cited by 13
“A higher number of fixations generally indicate that users try to understand the content watched (Poole & Ball, 2006).”
BackgroundEye Tracking in Virtual Reality
Berkman, M. İ. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_170-1 · Cited by 13
Mobile gaze tracking and an extended linkography for collaborative sketching and designing
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“Tracking movements can help researchers to understand display-based and visual information processing impacting upon the usability of a system interface (Poole & Ball, 2006).”
BackgroundEye-Tracking Research in Computer-Mediated Language Learning
Michel, M. C., & Smith, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02328-1_34-1 · Cited by 15
Bin, S., Morreale, F., Bryan–Kinns, N., & McPherson, A. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67744-6_18 · Cited by 13
“…techniques have become more sophisticated and integrated into the performance setting, now including physiological data (such as head tracking [29] and galvanic skin response [24]), verbal and non-verbal feedback [1, 11], as well as the measurement of crowd behaviours, such as applause [4, 9].”
Wang, X., Guo, F., Li, M., et al. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1778089 · Cited by 12
“Eye movements are considered as a reliable indicator of attention (Poole and Ball 2006).”
BackgroundHollander, J. B., Sussman, A., Lowitt, P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2020-0127 · Cited by 12
MatMouse: A Mouse Movements Tracking and Analysis Toolbox for Visual Search Experiments
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“Indeed, during a fixation event eyes remain relative stationary [34] while a typical range for the fixation points is approximately equal to 1 ◦ of visual angle (see e.g., the study presented by Ooms & Krassanakis [35] for further details on spatial thresholds used in fixation identification…”
BackgroundGender and Age Categorization Using Gaze Analysis
Cantoni, V., Porta, M., Galdi, C., Nappi, M., & Wechsler, H. (2014) · International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS) · doi:10.1109/sitis.2014.40 · Cited by 13
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“First fixation corresponds to the information being internally processed (Poole and Ball, 2005), and the duration of fixation is related to the time needed to encode and process distress pictures (Clifton Jr.”
Measuring Difficulty in Translation and Post-editing: A Review
Sun, S. (2018) · New frontiers in translation studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1984-6_7 · Cited by 12
Mosaly, P. R., Guo, H., & Mazur, L. M. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2019.1575081 · Cited by 11
“…was also interesting to note that our results on blink rate and mouse-click patterns were in line with previous findings indicating that computer click patterns that include search clicks reduce blink rate due to increase in visual load (Mosaly et al., 2018; Poole & Ball, 2006; Zheng et al., 2012).”
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Unobtrusive arousal detection on the web using pupillary response
Matthews, O., Davies, A., Vigo, M., & Harper, S. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.09.003 · Cited by 13
Studying visual search without an eye tracker: an assessment of artificial foveation
Matzen, L. E., Stites, M. C., & Gastelum, Z. (2021) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00304-2 · Cited by 11
“The information obtained from eye tracking experiments can be used to improve training, system design, and algorithms that support human decision making (cf. Matzen et al., 2016; Poole & Ball, 2006).”
MethodLim, K. K., Friedrich, M. H., Radun, J. E., et al. (2013) · doi:10.1145/2535948.2535954 · Cited by 12
Investigation of students' use of online information in higher education using eye tracking
Kunz, A.-K., Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., Schmidt, S., Nagel, M.-T., & Brückner, S. (2024) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00333-6 · Cited by 12
Anonymization Techniques for Behavioral Biometric Data: A Survey
Hanisch, S., Arias-Cabarcos, P., Parra‐Arnau, J., & Strufe, T. (2025) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3729418 · Cited by 32
“to improve accessibility, user experience, and to adapt system behavior [34], [36], [101].”
Evaluation of a surgical interface for robotic cryoablation task using an eye-tracking system
Açık, A., Barkana, D. E., Akgün, G., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.07.004 · Cited by 11
Enhanced representation of web pages for usability analysis with eye tracking
Menges, R., Tamimi, H., Kumar, C., Walber, T., Schaefer, C., & Staab, S. (2018) · ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA) · doi:10.1145/3204493.3204535 · Cited by 13
Hierarchical HMM for Eye Movement Classification
Zhu, Y., Yan, Y., & Komogortsev, O. V. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66415-2_35 · Cited by 11
“Eye tracking technology, which aims to measure the location where a person is looking at, has been widely applied in various research and application fields including the human-computer interaction [16,4], AR/VR [6,11], behavioral psychology [10,3] and usability studies [21,8] in recent years.”
BackgroundSuh, J., & Cho, J. Y. (2021) · Journal of Interior Design · doi:10.1111/joid.12194 · Cited by 11
“Fixation is defined as “the moment when the eyes are relatively stationary taking in or encoding information” (Poole & Ball, 2006, p. 212).”
BackgroundEye Metrics for Task-Dependent Automation
Imants, P., & de Greef, T. (2014) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1145/2637248.2637274 · Cited by 11
Hilberink-Schulpen, B., Nederstigt, U., van Meurs, F., et al. (2016) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2016.04.007 · Cited by 11
An Advertisement Video Analysis System Based on Eye-Tracking
Zhang, X., Fan, C., Yuan, S., et al. (2015) · doi:10.1109/smartcity.2015.118 · Cited by 11
“With the advance of the eye tracking technology [1][2][3], the applications of the eye tracking technology become more and more common in various field such as cognitive science, psychology, human-computer interaction, web design, elearning and marketing research.”
BackgroundQueueing Network Based Driver Model for Varying Levels of Information Processing
Rhie, Y. L., Lim, J. H., & Yun, M. H. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2018.2874183 · Cited by 11
“shorter fixation durations and lower fixation counts indicate, respectively, the difficulty of the tasks at a semantic level [73] and efficiency of the visual search [74], [75], this result demonstrates that instrument layout B supports cognitive processing but is not suitable for an efficient visual search.”
BackgroundBrown, J. A., Thiessen, A., Freeland, T., & Brewer, C. H. (2019) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.1080/07434618.2019.1609578 · Cited by 11
“Assessing an individual’s fixations through eye-tracking technology provides a dynamic trace of his or her cognitive focus (i.e., attention) and measures information encoding and processing when performing visual tasks (Poole & Ball, 2006).”
Gulden, J., Burattin, A., Andaloussi, A. A., et al. (2019) · Software & Systems Modeling · doi:10.1007/s10270-019-00742-z · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Poole, A., & Ball, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Lancaster University (GB)
- ORCID
- Ball, Linden J.
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- IGI Global
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 211-219
- OpenAlex
- W401941822
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IGI Global eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- eye tracking, eye movements, usability evaluation, human-computer interaction, eye movement metrics, visual processing, gaze-based interaction, assistive technology for people with disabilities, interface design
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