The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Pillars Article: M-1/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1/Th2 Paradigm. J. Immunol. 2000. 164: 6166–6173
Abstract
Charles D Mills, Kristi Kincaid, Jennifer M Alt, Michelle J Heilman, Annette M Hill; Pillars Article: M-1/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1/Th2 Paradigm. J. Immu
Overview
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, Mills explained, the two responses are T cell-independent, and their balance is regulated by TGFβ.”
From Abandoning M1/M2 for a Network Model of Macrophage Function (2016) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Introduced by Charlie Mills in 2000, the M1/M2 macrophage polarization paradigm36 was inspired by the Th1 vs. Th2 concept introduced four years earlier by Mosmann and Coffman37.”
From Abandoning M1/M2 for a Network Model of Macrophage Function (2016) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Mills’ idea was built on the observation that LPS and IFNγ elicit divergent effects on macrophages isolated from different strains of mice. Whereas macrophages isolated from so-called Th1 strains (C57BL/6) produce nitric oxide (NO) in large quantities, the same triggers stimulate arginine metabolism to ornithine in macrophages isolated from Th2 strains (Balb/c).”
From Abandoning M1/M2 for a Network Model of Macrophage Function (2016) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines
Murray, P. J., Allen, J. E., Biswas, S. K., Fisher, E. A., Gilroy, D. W., Goerdt, S., Gordon, S., Hamilton, J. A., Ivashkiv, L. B., Lawrence, T., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008 · Cited by 6,337
Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and dendritic cells in innate immunity
Kelly, B., & O'Neill, L. A. (2015) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2015.68 · Cited by 1,876
Neuroinflammation and M2 Microglia: The Good, the Bad, and the Inflamed
Cherry, J. D., Olschowka, J. A., & O’Banion, M. K. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-98 · Cited by 1,748
Macrophages: master regulators of inflammation and fibrosis
Wynn, T., & Barron, L. (2010) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1255354 · Cited by 1,392
Brown, B. N., Ratner, B. D., Goodman, S. B., Amar, S., & Badylak, S. F. (2012) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.034 · Cited by 926
Metadata
- Authors
- Mills, C. D., Kincaid, K., Alt, J. M., Heilman, M. J., & Hill, A. M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-09-18
- Volume
- 199
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2194-2201
- ISSN
- 0022-1767
- 1550-6606
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Pillars Article: M-1/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1/Th2 Paradigm. J. Immunol. 2000. 164: 6166–6173. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4049/jimmunol.1701141
- The paper
- Mills, C. D., Kincaid, K., Alt, J. M., Heilman, M. J., & Hill, A. M. (2017). Pillars Article: M-1/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1/Th2 Paradigm. J. Immunol. 2000. 164: 6166–6173. The Journal of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1701141
