Cited by 539Immune cells in cancerAtherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesCardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling

Abandoning M1/M2 for a Network Model of Macrophage Function

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Nahrendorf, Matthias, Swirski, Filip K.·2016·Circulation Research

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Crossref · 10.1161/circresaha.116.309194

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  • Macrophages exist along a continuum of activation states, with M1 and M2 representing the prototypical pro- and anti-inflammatory extremes.

    “Although macrophages have traditionally been classified as either classically-activated (M1) or alternatively-activated (M2), it is now recognised that they exist along a continuum of activation states 8 , with M1 and M2 representing the prototypical pro-and anti-inflammatory extremes of this spectrum 9 .”

    From Soft tissue-mimicking hydrogel stiffness modulates polarisation of human monocyte-derived macrophages (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    In “Abandoning M1/M2 for a Network Model of Macrophage Function” (page unavailable), the authors describe M1 and M2 as the opposing ends of a previously prevailing spectrum model, not as an accepted account of macrophage activation. They explicitly say there is little evidence for an all-encompassing spectrum and instead favor a stimulus-dependent network. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
Nahrendorf, M., & Swirski, F. K.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
Venue
Circulation Research
Published
2016-07-22
Volume
119
Issue
3
Pages
414-417
ISSN
  • 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4571
OpenAlex
W2505661818
Cited by
525
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 1
FWCI
2.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (HL128264)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL117829, R01HL095629, R01HL128264, R01HL096576, R01HL095612)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS084863)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
Keywords
macrophage polarization, M1/M2 macrophages, network models, macrophage function, macrophage heterogeneity
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Macrophages, Models, Biological, Myocardial Infarction, Macrophage-1 Antigen, Galectin 3

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