Neuroinflammation and M2 Microglia: The Good, the Bad, and the Inflamed

Cherry, Jonathan D; Olschowka, John A; O’Banion, M Kerry

doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-98

Cited by 1,748Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsImmune cells in cancerMultiple Sclerosis Research Studies

Neuroinflammation and M2 Microglia: The Good, the Bad, and the Inflamed

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Cherry, Jonathan D, Olschowka, John A, O’Banion, M Kerry·2014·Journal of Neuroinflammation

DOI 10.1186/1742-2094-11-98PMC PMC4060849

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Abstract

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent years. Unfortunately, the research on peripheral macrophage polarization does not necessarily translate accurately to their central nervous system (CNS) counterparts. Even though pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can polarize microglia to distinct activation states, the specific functions of these states is still an area of intense debate. This review examines the multiple possible activation states microglia can be polarized to. This is followed by a detailed description of microglial polarization and the functional relevance of this process in both acute and chronic CNS disease models described in the literature. Particular attention is given to utilizing M2 microglial polarization as a potential therapeutic option in treating diseases.

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The activation process of microglia varies heavily depending on stimuli and is regulated by several intercellular interactions involving cell-surface molecules and soluble mediators.
“The activation process of microglia varies heavily, depending on the stimuli, and is regulated by several intercellular interactions involving cell-surface molecules and soluble mediators, such as cytokines, ROS, and neurotransmitters [68].”
From Risk mitigation of immunogenicity: a key to personalized retinal gene therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Astrocytes and microglia could play a major role in the neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
“The astrocytes and microglia could play a major role in the neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Cherry et al., 2014).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Cherry et al., 2014
The change of microglia between M1 and M2 phenotypes is a dynamic process and microglial activation can switch from M2 to M1 phenotype during the course of disease.
“The change of microglia between M1 and M2 phenotypes is a dynamic process and microglial activation can switch from M2 to M1 phenotype during the course of disease (Cherry et al., 2014).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Cherry et al., 2014

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Oligodendrocyte Progenitors Reversibly Exit the Cell Cycle and Give Rise to Astrocytes in Response to Interferon-γ
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In situ immune response and mechanisms of cell damage in central nervous system of fatal cases microcephaly by Zika virus
Azevedo, R. S. S., de Sousa, J. R., Araujo, M. T. F., Martins Filho, A. J., de Alcantara, B. N., Araujo, F. M. C., Queiroz, M. G. L., Cruz, A. C. R., Vasconcelos, B. H. B., Chiang, J. O., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5 · Cited by 3,478 · see citing works
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Microglia in physiology and disease
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Microglia polarization from M1 to M2 in neurodegenerative diseases
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The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury
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Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Subhramanyam, C. S., Wang, C., Hu, Q., & Dheen, S. T. (2019) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.004 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Glia–neuron interactions in the mammalian retina
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The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke
Ma, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Yang, G. (2016) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Irradiation in a flash: Unique sparing of memory in mice after whole brain irradiation with dose rates above 100 Gy/s
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Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system
Franco, R., & Fernández‐Suárez, D. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.003 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Glial Cells: Role of the Immune Response in Ischemic Stroke
Xu, S., Lü, J., Shao, A., Zhang, J. H., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00294 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and Depression: Microglia Activation, Extracellular Microvesicles and microRNA Dysregulation
Brites, D., & Fernandes, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00476 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
“However, excessive and prolonged neuroinflammation can be cytotoxic and harmful (for review, see Cherry et al., 2014).”
Background
Inflammatory Response in the CNS: Friend or Foe?
Sochocka, M., Diniz, B. S., & Leszek, J. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0297-1 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Singh, D. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02565-0 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation after Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Potential Therapeutic Targets
Tschoe, C., Bushnell, C., Duncan, P. W., Alexander‐Miller, M. A., & Wolfe, S. Q. (2020) · Journal of Stroke · doi:10.5853/jos.2019.02236 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
NLRP3 inflammasome in neurological diseases, from functions to therapies
Song, L., Pei, L., Yao, S., Wu, Y., & Shang, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00063 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma.
Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salobrar-Garcia, E., Salazar, J. J., Rojas, B., Ajoy, D., López-Cuenca, I., Rojas, P., Triviño, A., & Ramírez, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
Wang, M., Pan, W., Xu, Y., Zhang, J., Wan, J., & Jiang, H. (2022) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s350109 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury
Anwar, M. A., Shehabi, T. S. A., & Eid, A. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00098 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Nutrition, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors in the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia
Dominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., Vernuccio, L., Catanese, G., Inzerillo, F., Salemi, G., & Barbagallo, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13114080 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Roles of microglia in brain development, tissue maintenance and repair
Michell‐Robinson, M. A., Touil, H., Healy, L. M., Owen, D. R., Durafourt, B. A., Bar‐Or, A., Antel, J. P., & Moore, C. S. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv066 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Microglia and neuroprotection
Chen, Z., & Trapp, B. D. (2015) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13062 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Axes of the Blood–Brain Barriers and Blood–Brain Interfaces: Bases for Physiological Regulation, Disease States, and Pharmacological Interventions
Erickson, M. A., & Banks, W. A. (2018) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.117.014647 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Astrocyte Heterogeneity: Impact to Brain Aging and Disease
Matias, I., Morgado, J., & Gomes, F. C. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00059 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Microglia Responses to Pro-inflammatory Stimuli (LPS, IFNγ+TNFα) and Reprogramming by Resolving Cytokines (IL-4, IL-10)
Lively, S. S., & Schlichter, L. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00215 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in Parkinson's disease: The role of glial cells
Iovino, L., Tremblay, M., & Civiero, L. (2020) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.011 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Postmortem evidence of cerebral inflammation in schizophrenia: a systematic review
Trépanier, M. O., Hopperton, K. E., Mizrahi, R., Mechawar, N., & Bazinet, R. P. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.90 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Mer regulates microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and alleviates neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury
Wu, H., Zheng, J., Xu, S., Fang, Y., Wu, Y., Zeng, J., Shao, A., Shi, L., Lü, J., Mei, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-02041-7 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Microglial/Macrophage Polarization Dynamics following Traumatic Brain Injury
Kumar, A., Alvarez-Croda, D.-M., Stoica, B. A., Faden, A. I., & Loane, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4268 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Persistent 7-tesla phase rim predicts poor outcome in new multiple sclerosis patient lesions
Absinta, M., Sati, P., Schindler, M., Leibovitch, E. C., Ohayon, J., Wu, T., Meani, A., Filippi, M., Jacobson, S., Cortese, I. C. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci86198 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Necroptosis in the Pathophysiology of Disease
Khoury, M. K., Gupta, K., Franco, S. R., & Liu, B. (2019) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.012 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Autophagy and inflammation in ischemic stroke
Mo, Y., Sun, Y., & Liu, K. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.274331 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Microglia and Inflammatory Responses in Diabetic Retinopathy
Kinuthia, U. M., Wolf, A., & Langmann, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.564077 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
The role of neuroimmune signaling in alcoholism
Crews, F. T., Lawrimore, C. J., Walter, T. J., & Coleman, L. G. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.031 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Role and mechanisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage
Zhu, H., Wang, Z., Yu, J., Yang, X., He, F., Liu, Z., Che, F., Chen, X., Ren, H., Hong, M., et al. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.003 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
STAT6/Arg1 promotes microglia/macrophage efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in stroke mice
Cai, W., Dai, X., Chen, J., Zhao, J., Xu, M., Zhang, L., Yang, B., Zhang, W., Rocha, M., Nakao, T., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.131355 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Metabolic Reprograming of Microglia in the Regulation of the Innate Inflammatory Response
Lauro, C., & Limatola, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00493 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The Translational Significance of the Neurovascular Unit
McConnell, H. L., Kersch, C. N., Woltjer, R. L., & Neuwelt, E. A. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r116.760215 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Neuroinflammatory Markers: Key Indicators in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Rauf, A., Badoni, H., Abu-Izneid, T., Olatunde, A., Rahman, M., Painuli, S., Semwal, P., Wilairatana, P., & Mubarak, M. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27103194 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Retracted
Microglia–blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies
Dudvarski Stankovic, N., Teodorczyk, M., Ploen, R., Zipp, F., & Schmidt, M. H. H. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1524-y · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The neuroimmune axis of Alzheimer’s disease
Jorfi, M., Maaser‐Hecker, A., & Tanzi, R. E. (2023) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-023-01155-w · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Inflammation and the neural diathesis-stress hypothesis of schizophrenia: a reconceptualization
Howes, O. D., & McCutcheon, R. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.278 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Progressive inflammation‐mediated neurodegeneration after traumatic brain or spinal cord injury
Faden, A. I., Wu, J., Stoica, B. A., & Loane, D. J. (2015) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13179 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Protective and Toxic Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Hooten, K. G., Beers, D. R., Zhao, W., & Appel, S. H. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0329-3 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Immune dysregulation and cognitive vulnerability in the aging brain: Interactions of microglia, IL-1β, BDNF and synaptic plasticity
Patterson, S. L. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.020 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Bipolar Depression
Benedetti, F., Aggio, V., Pratesi, M. L., Greco, G., & Furlan, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00071 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Switching of the Microglial Activation Phenotype Is a Possible Treatment for Depression Disorder
Zhang, L., Zhang, J., & You, Z. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00306 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
TGF-β1 modulates microglial phenotype and promotes recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage
Taylor, R. A., Chang, C.-F., Goods, B. A., Hammond, M. D., Grory, B. M., Ai, Y., Steinschneider, A. F., Renfroe, S. C., Askenase, M. H., McCullough, L. D., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88647 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
The Kaleidoscope of Microglial Phenotypes
Dubbelaar, M. L., Kracht, L., Eggen, B. J. L., & Boddeke, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01753 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders and Their Potentials as a Therapeutic Target
Du, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, Y., & Zhang, H.-L. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0245-0 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Functional polarization of neuroglia: Implications in neuroinflammation and neurological disorders
Jha, M. K., Lee, W., & Suk, K. (2015) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.003 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
A Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Study Reveals Cellular and Molecular Dynamics of the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche
Artegiani, B., Lyubimova, A., Muraro, M., van Es, J. H., van Oudenaarden, A., & Clevers, H. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.050 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation: An Integrating Overview of Reactive‐Neuroimmune Cell Interactions in Health and Disease
Kölliker-Frers, R., Udovin, L., Otero-Losada, M., Kobiec, T., Herrera, M. I., Palacios, J., Razzitte, G., & Capani, F. (2021) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2021/9999146 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Microglia: Housekeeper of the Central Nervous System
Kabba, J. A., Xu, Y., Christian, H., Ruan, W., Kitchen, C., Xiang, Y., Zhang, L., Saavedra, J. M., & Pang, T. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-017-0504-2 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Microglia and Neuroinflammation: Crucial Pathological Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration
Shao, F., Wang, X., Wu, H., Wu, Q., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.825086 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Ontogeny and Polarization of Macrophages in Inflammation: Blood Monocytes Versus Tissue Macrophages
Dey, A., Allen, J., & Hankey-Giblin, P. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00683 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
IL-4 Switches Microglia/macrophage M1/M2 Polarization and Alleviates Neurological Damage by Modulating the JAK1/STAT6 Pathway Following ICH
He, Y., Gao, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhou, G., Cao, F., & Yao, S. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.008 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
The Dual Role of Microglia in ALS: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches
Geloso, M. C., Corvino, V., Marchese, E., Serrano, A., Michetti, F., & D’Ambrosi, N. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00242 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Multifaceted Role of Neuropilins in the Immune System: Potential Targets for Immunotherapy
Roy, S., Bag, A. K., Singh, R. K., Talmadge, J. E., Batra, S. K., & Datta, K. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01228 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Microglia and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Neuroinflammation and microglia in glaucoma: time for a paradigm shift
Wei, X., Cho, K., Thee, E. F., Jager, M. J., & Chen, D. F. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24256 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
MicroRNAs in Neuroinflammation: Implications in Disease Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Applications
Slota, J. A., & Booth, S. A. (2019) · Non-Coding RNA · doi:10.3390/ncrna5020035 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Myelin damage and repair in pathologic CNS: challenges and prospects
Alizadeh, A., Dyck, S. M., & Karimi‐Abdolrezaee, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2015.00035 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Treatment targets for M2 microglia polarization in ischemic stroke
Wang, J., Xing, H., Wan, L., Jiang, X., wang, C., & Wu, Y. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.143 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Anti-Inflammatory Targets for the Treatment of Reperfusion Injury in Stroke
Mizuma, A., & Yenari, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00467 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
TUDCA: An Agonist of the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1/TGR5 With Anti‐Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells
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Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer’s disease model by increasing the expression of microRNA-146a in hippocampus
Nakano, M., Kubota, K., Kobayashi, E., Chikenji, T., Saito, Y., Konari, N., & Fujimiya, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67460-1 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Cell-Type-Specific Interleukin 1 Receptor 1 Signaling in the Brain Regulates Distinct Neuroimmune Activities
Liu, X., Nemeth, D. P., McKim, D. B., Zhu, L., DiSabato, D. J., Berdysz, O., Gorantla, G., Oliver, B., Witcher, K. G., Wang, Y., et al. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.012 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Role of microglial m1/m2 polarization in relapse and remission of psychiatric disorders and diseases
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Emerging PET Radiotracers and Targets for Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Outlook Beyond TSPO
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NOX2 drives M1-like microglial/macrophage activation and neurodegeneration following experimental traumatic brain injury
Kumar, A., Barrett, J. P., Alvarez-Croda, D.-M., Stoica, B. A., Faden, A. I., & Loane, D. J. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.158 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Antidepressant therapies inhibit inflammation and microglial M1-polarization
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Transplantation of M2-Deviated Microglia Promotes Recovery of Motor Function after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice
Kobashi, S., Terashima, T., Katagi, M., Nakae, Y., Okano, J., Suzuki, Y., Urushitani, M., & Kojima, H. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.004 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Phagocytic microglia and macrophages in brain injury and repair
Yu, F., Wang, Y., Stetler, R. A., Leak, R. K., Hu, X., & Chen, J. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13899 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Lysosomal acidification dysfunction in microglia: an emerging pathogenic mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Quick, J. D., Silva, C., Wong, J. H., Lim, K. L., Reynolds, R., Barron, A. M., Zeng, J., & Lo, C. H. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02866-y · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease
Sundman, M., Chen, N., Subbian, V., & Chou, Y. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.009 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The Dialogue Between Neuroinflammation and Adult Neurogenesis: Mechanisms Involved and Alterations in Neurological Diseases
Amanollahi, M., Jameie, M., Heidari, A., & Rezaei, N. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-03102-z · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Pharmacological Modulation of Functional Phenotypes of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Song, G. J., & Suk, K. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00139 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
TREM2 ameliorates neuroinflammatory response and cognitive impairment via PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a signaling pathway in Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease mice
Wang, Y., Lin, Y., Wang, L., Zhan, H., Luo, X., Zeng, Y., Wu, W., Zhang, X., & Wang, F. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.104104 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Outside in: Unraveling the Role of Neuroinflammation in the Progression of Parkinson's Disease
Troncoso-Escudero, P., Parra, A., Nassif, M., & Vidal, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00860 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced behavioral toxicities
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Detrimental and protective action of microglial extracellular vesicles on myelin lesions: astrocyte involvement in remyelination failure
Lombardi, M., Parolisi, R., Scaroni, F., Bonfanti, E., Gualerzi, A., Gabrielli, M., de Rosbo, N. K., Uccelli, A., Giussani, P., Viani, P., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02049-1 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke
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Authors: Cherry, J. D., Olschowka, J. A., & O’Banion, M. K.
Affiliations: University of Rochester Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: O’Banion, M Kerry
ORCID: Cherry, Jonathan D
Olschowka, John A
O’Banion, M Kerry
Venue: Journal of Neuroinflammation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-06-03
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 98-98
ISSN: 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-98
PMC: PMC4060849
OpenAlex: W2147180300
Cited by: 1,748
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 138 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 14
FWCI: 8.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AC33G)
National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (R01AG030149)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI091036)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01 ES020322)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Keywords: microglia, M2 microglia, microglial polarization, neuroinflammation, central nervous system disorders, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
MeSH terms: Animals, Central Nervous System, Encephalitis, Humans, Macrophage Activation, Microglia

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Neuroinflammation and M2 Microglia: The Good, the Bad, and the Inflamed

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