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TLR-Activated B Cells Suppress T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity
Abstract
TLR sense microbial infections, and control activation of immune responses. Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes express TLR and the TLR-signaling adaptor protein MyD88. The impact of TLR-activated B cells on T cell-mediated inflammation is unknown. In this study, we have used mice carrying B cell-restricted deficiencies in MyD88 or in distinct TLR to examine the impact of TLR-activated B cells on a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We demonstrate that TLR-signaling in B cells suppresses inflammatory T cell responses (both Th1 and Th17), and stimulates recovery from EAE. Only certain TLR are required on B cells for resolution of EAE, and these are dispensable for disease initiation, indicating that a category of TLR agonists preferentially triggers a suppressive function in B cells and thereby limits autoimmune disease. The TLR agonists controlling the regulatory function of B cells are provided by components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis present in the adjuvant. Thus, MyD88 signaling in B cells antagonizes MyD88 signaling in other cells, which drives differentiation of Th17 cells and is required for induction of EAE. Altogether, our data indicate that B cells link recognition of microbial products via TLR to suppression of a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
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“Bregs is a generic term used to define B cells endowed with regulatory and immunosuppressive functions. They play a crucial role in maintain ing immunological homeostasis by producing anti-inflammatory cyto kines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-35, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ ), thereby suppressing immunopathology.”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Their differentiation is influenced by signals such as CD40 ligation, TLR stimulation, and cytokine exposure [58,63,64].”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Bregs inhibit the expansion of pathogenic T cells and other pro-inflammatory immune cells, thereby preventing excessive immune activation [55 -58].”
From Is there a role for B cells in Alzheimer's disease? (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
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IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR S-NITROSYLATED PROTEINS IN MURINE EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
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Cutting Edge: Ezrin Regulates Inflammation by Limiting B Cell IL-10 Production
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“TLRs generally have complex roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (Lampropoulou et al., 2008).”
TLR 7 signaling exacerbates CNS autoimmunity through downregulation of F oxp3+ T reg cells
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BackgroundInfluentialPharmacologic P2X purinergic receptor antagonism in the treatment of collagen-induced arthritis.
Ardissone, V., Radaelli, E., Zaratin, P., Ardizzone, M., Ladel, C., Gattorno, M., Martini, A., Grassi, F., & Traggiai, E. (2011) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.30556 · Cited by 20
Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Xie, S., Bao, W., Chen, J., Wu, Q., Lai, X., Liu, L., Xiong, S., & Peng, Y. (2022) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13554 · Cited by 21
TLR9 and its signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis
Zhou, Y., Fang, L., Peng, L., & Qiu, W. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.027 · Cited by 24
Regulatory B Cells: Key Players in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression
Hetta, H., Elkady, A., Tohamy, T. A., & Badary, M. (2016) · Gastroenterology & Hepatology Open Access · doi:10.15406/ghoa.2016.05.00136 · Cited by 19
Pathogenic functions of B cells in autoimmune diseases: IFN‐γ production joins the criminal gang
Fillatreau, S. (2015) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201545544 · Cited by 19
Self-citationZheremyan, E. A., Ustiugova, A. S., Uvarova, A. N., Karamushka, N. M., Stasevich, E. M., Gogoleva, V. S., Васильевна, Б. А., Mitkin, N. A., Kuprash, D. V., & Korneev, K. V. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178445 · Cited by 19
Regulatory B cells in transplantation: roadmaps to clinic
Beckett, J., Hester, J., Issa, F., & Shankar, S. (2020) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/tri.13706 · Cited by 17
“in vivo, optimal production of IL-10 occurred after TLR-activated B cells interacted with CD154-expressing CD4 T cells [58,59].”
BackgroundRoch, T., Pierce, B. F., Zaupa, A., Jung, F., Neffe, A., & Lendlein, A. (2011) · Macromolecular Symposia · doi:10.1002/masy.201100048 · Cited by 18
Self-citationRegulatory B cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
Ray, A., & Basu, S. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1161-5_17 · Cited by 18
Pharmacogenomic and epigenomic approaches to untangle the enigma of IL-10 blockade in oncology
Elemam, N. M., Mekky, R. Y., Rashid, G., Braoudaki, M., & Youness, R. A. (2024) · Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1017/erm.2023.26 · Cited by 19
The Role of the Oxidative State and Innate Immunity Mediated by TLR7 and TLR9 in Lupus Nephritis
Miranda‐Díaz, A. G., Echavarría, R., Cardona-Muñóz, E. G., Ortiz‐Lazareno, P. C., Sierra, J. A., Gómez-Hermosillo, L. F., Casillas-Moreno, J., Campos-Bayardo, T. I., Román-Rojas, D., & García-Sánchez, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015234 · Cited by 17
“Genetic association studies implicate TLR signaling in SLE [63].”
BackgroundTowards regulatory cellular therapies in solid organ transplantation
Bottomley, M. J., Brook, M. O., Shankar, S., Hester, J., & Issa, F. (2021) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2021.11.001 · Cited by 21
Macrophage regulation of B cell proliferation
Goldman, N., Valiuskyte, K., Londregan, J., Swider, A., Somerville, J. E., & Riggs, J. E. (2017) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.02.002 · Cited by 18
Podda, G., Nyirenda, M., Crooks, J. E., & Gran, B. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-013-9483-3 · Cited by 19
“TLR4 expression has also been observed in B cells, which are thought to affect MS through mechanisms including the production of regulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and the production of antibodies (Mizoguchi and Bhan 2006).”
Matheu, M. P., Su, Y. A., Greenberg, M. L., Blanc, C. A., Parker, I., Scott, D. W., & Cahalan, M. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1205150109 · Cited by 16
“Our study builds on previous investigations of tolerance induction in which adoptive transfer of LPS-activated B cells expressing antigen (hereafter, “LPS B cells”) led to tolerance and to suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas transfer of B cells activated by unmethylated CpG oligonucleotid…”
ResultSu, Y.-X., Zhang, A.-H., Noben-Trauth, N., & Scott, D. (2011) · Front. Microbio. · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00154 · Cited by 17
Gray, D., & Gray, M. (2010) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201040961 · Cited by 17
Function and dysfunction of dendritic cells in autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Rutella, S., CRISTOFARO, R. D., & Ferraccioli, G. (2009) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2009.01.023 · Cited by 14
TCL1A, B Cell Regulation and Tolerance in Renal Transplantation
Brinas, F., Danger, R., & Brouard, S. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10061367 · Cited by 20
Liu, X., Huang, H., Gao, H., Wu, X., Zhang, W., Yu, B., & Dou, X. (2017) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/cod.12913 · Cited by 17
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells control B cell-derived IL-10 production
Georg, P., & Bekeredjian-Ding, I. (2012) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916934.2012.719955 · Cited by 16
Chapter 1 Immune Regulation by B Cells and Antibodies
Hoehlig, K., Lampropoulou, V., Roch, T., Neves, P., Calderón‐Gómez, E., Anderton, S. M., Steinhoff, U., & Fillatreau, S. (2008) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)00401-x · Cited by 23
Self-citationIntruders or protectors – the multifaceted role of B cells in CNS disorders
Aspden, J. W., Murphy, M. A., Kashlan, R. D., Xiong, Y., Poznansky, M. C., & Sîrbulescu, R. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1329823 · Cited by 16
Neu, S. D., & Dittel, B. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.787464 · Cited by 23
“Interestingly, CFA used to induce EAE has numerous TLR ligands and B cells stimulated via TLR ligands were shown to suppress EAE (44, 46).”
BackgroundLeptin: an unappreciated key player in SLE
Yuan, Q., Chen, H., Li, X., & Wei, J. (2019) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04831-8 · Cited by 18
Hong, C., Zhang, T., & Gao, X.-M. (2013) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2013.02.003 · Cited by 15
Lomakin, Y., Zvyagin, I., Ovchinnikova, L. A., Kabilov, M. R., Staroverov, D., Mikelov, A., Tupikin, A., Zakharova, M., Bykova, N., Mukhina, V., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.803229 · Cited by 14
“Using EAE, the experimental mouse model of autoimmune diseases, a significant impact of TLR-signaling on B cells was revealed (85).”
BackgroundTerrell, S. L., & Speck, S. H. (2017) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006543 · Cited by 14
“Activation of TLR, CD40, and/or BCR signaling induces IL10 production in B cells, but the mechanisms underlying the development and function of IL10-competent B cells have yet to be fully elucidated [26, 31, 32].”
BackgroundTao, Y.-Z., Zhang, X., & Markovic-Plese, S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.019 · Cited by 14
“However, B cell TLR9-deficient mice did not differ from wild type mice in their susceptibility to EAE (Lampropoulou et al., 2008).”
Atkinson, S. M., Hoffmann, U., Hamann, A., Bach, E., Danneskiold‐Samsøe, N. B., Kristiansen, K., Serikawa, K. A., Fox, B. A., Kruse, K., Haase, C., et al. (2016) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.022905 · Cited by 17
“In experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), components from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the complete Freund ’ s adjuvant (CFA) that is used to induce disease provide Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists that can trigger regulatory functions of B cells that are required for the resolution of EAE (Lampropoulou et al.,…”
MethodAdaptive Immune Responses in CNS Autoimmune Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
McPherson, R. C., & Anderton, S. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-013-9453-9 · Cited by 14
Self-citationIbrahim, E., Aly, M., Opelz, G., Morath, C., Zeier, M., Süsal, C., Sayed, D., Hassan, E., Ekpoom, N., & Daniel, V. (2021) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-021-02374-2 · Cited by 13
Zhu, J.-Q., Wang, J., Li, X.-L., Xu, W.-L., Lv, S.-C., Zhao, X., Lang, R., & He, Q. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02855-w · Cited by 13
Zou, H., Zhou, N., Huang, Y., Luo, A., & Sun, J. (2021) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.3vmr0321-027rrr · Cited by 18
Sicard, A., Koenig, A., Graff‐Dubois, S., Dussurgey, S., Rouers, A., Dubois, V., Blanc, P., Chartoire, D., Errazuriz-Cerda, E., Paidassi, H., et al. (2016) · Nano letters (Print) · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03801 · Cited by 13
Cell Therapy to Induce Allograft Tolerance: Time to Switch to Plan B?
Sicard, A., Koenig, A., Morélon, E., Defrance, T., & Thaunat, O. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00149 · Cited by 16
“In the mouse, a rare population of splenic B cells characterized by a unique phenotype (CD5+ CD1d high) has been reported to play a critical role in the regulation of murine EAE (94).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReprogramming of B cells into regulatory cells with engineered fusokines
Deng, J.-S., & Galipeau, J. (2012) · Infectious Diseases - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152612800564392 · Cited by 13
“As an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 inhibits T cell polarization and proliferation [42, 56, 58], blocks antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells, and inhibits inflammatory cytokine production by immune effector cells [39].”
BackgroundXiang, W., Xie, C., & Guan, Y. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577520 · Cited by 12
TLR7 Negatively Regulates B10 Cells Predominantly in an IFNγ Signaling Dependent Manner
Chodisetti, S. B., Fike, A. J., Domeier, P. P., Choi, N. M., Soni, C., & Rahman, Z. S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01632 · Cited by 15
“Although various inflammatory cytokines (16–18) and tolllike receptor (TLR) signals (19) were previously described to regulate IL-10-producing Breg or B10 cells, the role of RNA sensing through TLR7 in the development of these regulatory B cells is unknown.”
BackgroundThe regulatory roles of B cell subsets in transplantation
Chu, Z., Zou, W., Xu, Y., Sun, Q., & Zhao, Y. X. (2018) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2018.1426461 · Cited by 13
Miura, M., Hasegawa, N., Noguchi, M., Sugimoto, K., & Touma, M. (2016) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12578 · Cited by 12
B cells in MS: Why, where and how?
Pikor, N., & Gommerman, J. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2012.03.006 · Cited by 12
“These disparate clinical outcomes revealed a regulatory IL-10 producing B cell subset that is polyclonally activated by toll like receptor antagonists contained in the adjuvant used for EAE induction (Lampropoulou et al., 2008; Yanaba et al., 2009).”
BackgroundExpanding Human Breg for Cellular Therapy in Transplantation: Time for Translation
McNee, A., Kannan, A., Jull, P., & Shankar, S. (2024) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000005243 · Cited by 11
“70,71 Other innate stimuli may induce similar Breg responses; ex vivo stimulation of mouse splenic mononuclear cells with LPS and Astilibin induced both CD19 + CD1d hi and CD19 + TIM-1 + Breg in STAT3-dependent mechanisms.”
Liu, Q.-B., Zhou, R., & Liu, C. (2022) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal · doi:10.1007/s11626-022-00720-8 · Cited by 11
“0.05 vs CpG. 708 1 3 TLR9 REGULATES B CELL BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS THROUGH FCRL3 promoting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) recovery (Lampropoulou et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialFitzpatrick, J., Hackett, B., Costelloe, L., Hind, W. H., & Downer, E. J. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27061763 · Cited by 11
“Such TLR signalling cascades are activated via a suite of adaptor proteins, most commonly myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialA higher frequency of IL‐10‐producing B cells in Hepatitis B virus‐associated membranous nephropathy
Liu, Y., Wang, H., Hu, X.-T., Qu, Z., Zhang, H., Crew, R. M., Ayana, D., Li, M., Qiu, J.-P., & Jiang, Y.-F. (2016) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12552 · Cited by 11
Fluorescence tagging and inducible depletion of PD-L2–expressing B-1 B cells in vivo
Lee, R., Mao, C., Vo, H., Gao, W.-D., & Zhong, X. (2015) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12865 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Lampropoulou, V., Hoehlig, K., Roch, T., Neves, P., Gómez, E. C., Sweenie, C. H., Hao, Y., Freitas, A. A., Steinhoff, U., Anderton, S. M., & Fillatreau, S.
- Affiliations
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DE)
- Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum , Berlin ,
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Unité de Recherche Associée Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1961, Institut Pasteur , Paris ,
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-04-01
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 4763-4773
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1918941126
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- MyD88, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Th17 cells, Th1 cells, B cell suppression, TLR agonists, dendritic cells, macrophages
- MeSH terms
- Animals, B-Lymphocytes, Dendritic Cells, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Lymphocyte Activation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, T-Lymphocytes, Signal Transduction, Autoimmunity, Interleukin-10, Mice, Knockout, Toll-Like Receptors, Mice, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
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