The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Increases the Self-Defense of Skin Epithelium by Induction of β-Defensin 2 via TLR2 and TLR4
Open accessAbstract
In sites of inflammation or tissue injury, hyaluronic acid (HA), ubiquitous in the extracellular matrix, is broken down into low m.w. HA (LMW-HA) fragments that have been reported to activate immunocompetent cells. We found that LMW-HA induces activation of keratinocytes, which respond by producing β-defensin 2. This production is mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 activation and involves a c-Fos-mediated, protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathway. LMW-HA-induced activation of keratinocytes seems not to be accompanied by an inflammatory response, because no production of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-6 was observed. Ex vivo and in vivo treatments of murine skin with LMW-HA showed a release of mouse β-defensin 2 in all layers of the epidermal compartment. Therefore, the breakdown of extracellular matrix components, for example after injury, stimulates keratinocytes to release β-defensin 2, which protects cutaneous tissue at a time when it is particularly vulnerable to infection. In addition, our observation might be important to open new perspectives in the development of possible topical products containing LMW-HA to improve the release of β-defensins by keratinocytes, thus ameliorating the self-defense of the skin for the protection of cutaneous tissue from infection by microorganisms.
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Cites
Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan
Jiang, D., Liang, J., Fan, J., Yu, S., Chen, S., Luo, Y., Prestwich, G. D., Mascarenhas, M. M., Garg, H. G., Quinn, D. A., et al. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1315 · Cited by 1,401
Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan Activate Dendritic Cells via Toll-like Receptor 4
Termeer, C., Benedix, F., Sleeman, J., Fieber, C., Voith, U., Ahrens, T., Miyake, K., Freudenberg, M., Galanos, C., & Simon, J. C. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20001858 · Cited by 1,378
Hyaluronan in Tissue Injury and Repair
Jiang, D., Liang, J., & Noble, P. W. (2007) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123337 · Cited by 835
Hyaluronan Fragments Act as an Endogenous Danger Signal by Engaging TLR2
Scheibner, K. A., Lutz, M. A., Boodoo, S., Fenton, M. J., Powell, J. D., & Horton, M. R. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1272 · Cited by 708
Sorensen, O. E. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28422 · Cited by 152
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Hyaluronan, a Crucial Regulator of Inflammation
Petrey, A. C., & de la Motte, C. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00101 · Cited by 514
Hyaluronan: molecular size‐dependent signaling and biological functions in inflammation and cancer
Tavianatou, A. G., Caon, I., Franchi, M., Piperigkou, Z., Galesso, D., & Karamanos, N. K. (2019) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.14777 · Cited by 462
Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics
Karamanos, N. K., Piperigkou, Z., Theocharis, A. D., Watanabe, H., Franchi, M., Baud, S., Brézillon, S., Götte, M., Passi, A., Vigetti, D., et al. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354 · Cited by 367
Photoimmunology: how ultraviolet radiation affects the immune system
Bernard, J. J., Gallo, R. L., & Krutmann, J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0185-9 · Cited by 329
Martin, S. F., Esser, P. R., Weber, F. C., Jakob, T., Freudenberg, M. A., Schmidt, M., & Goebeler, M. (2011) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02652.x · Cited by 290
Metadata
- Authors
- Gariboldi, S., Palazzo, M., Zanobbio, L., Selleri, S., Sommariva, M., Sfondrini, L., Cavicchini, S., Balsari, A., & Rumio, C.
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-08-01
- Volume
- 181
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2103-2110
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1678825283
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Increases the Self-Defense of Skin Epithelium by Induction of β-Defensin 2 via TLR2 and TLR4. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2103
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- Gariboldi, S., Palazzo, M., Zanobbio, L., Selleri, S., Sommariva, M., Sfondrini, L., Cavicchini, S., Balsari, A., & Rumio, C. (2008). Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid Increases the Self-Defense of Skin Epithelium by Induction of β-Defensin 2 via TLR2 and TLR4. The Journal of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2103
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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