An Illustration of the Problems Caused by Incomplete Education Histories in Fertility Analyses
Open accessAbstract
When assessing the importance of education for fertility, one should ideally use complete education histories. Unfortunately, such data are often not available. It is illustrated here, using register data for Norwegian women born in 1969, that inclusio
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Education and childbearing are often interacting processes: education affects childbearing, but childbearing, especially at an early age, may also affect further education.
“Education and childbearing are often interacting processes: education affects childbearing, but childbearing, especially at an early age, may also affect further education.”
From Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries (2019) · cites this paper as Kravdal 2004
Results on the association between education and fertility are sensitive to when and how education is measured.
“Results on the association between education and fertility are therefore sensitive to when (at what age) and how (by which measure) education is measured (Hoem and Kreyenfeld 2006; Kravdal 2004), and the same applies to different methods of studying fertility outcomes.”
From Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries (2019) · cites this paper as Kravdal 2004
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Blossfeld, H., & Huinink, J. J. (1991) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229743 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Kravdal, Ø. (2001) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2001.5.6 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Women's Employment on Second and Third Births in Modern Sweden
Hoem, B., & Hoem, J. M. (1989) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/0032472031000143846 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Hoem, J. M., Prskawetz, A., & Neyer, G. (2001) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324720127700 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Hoem, B. (1996) · Finnish Yearbook of Population Research · doi:10.23979/fypr.44916 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kravdal, Ø. (2002) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2002.6.9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries
Jalovaara, M., Neyer, G., Andersson, G., Dahlberg, J., Dommermuth, L., Fallesen, P., & Lappegård, T. (2019) · European Journal of Population · doi:10.1007/s10680-018-9492-2 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
“Results on the association between education and fertility are therefore sensitive to when (at what age) and how (by which measure) education is measured (Hoem and Kreyenfeld 2006; Kravdal 2004), and the same applies to different methods of studying fertility outcomes.”
BackgroundHoem, J. M., & Kreyenfeld, M. (2006) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2006.15.16 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Rising Educational Participation and the Trend to Later Childbearing
Neels, K., Murphy, M., Ní Bhrolcháin, M., & Beaujouan, É. (2017) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12112 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Kravdal, Ø. (2007) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2007.17.9 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Roode, T., Sharples, K., Dickson, N., & Paul, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170170 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kravdal, Ø.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Kravdal, Øystein
- ORCID
- Kravdal, Øystein
- Venue
- Demographic Research
- Published
- 2004-04-17
- Volume
- Special 3
- Pages
- 135-154
- ISSN
- 1435-9871 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2131258207
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 12.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Demographic Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Keywords
- education and fertility, fertility analysis, educational attainment, register data, Norwegian women
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
