Comparison of Lower Extremity Kinematics and Hip Muscle Activation During Rehabilitation Tasks Between Sexes
Open accessAbstract
Context: Closed kinetic chain exercises are an integral part of rehabilitation programs after lower extremity injury. Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics have been reported during landing and cutting; however, less is known about sex differences in movement patterns and activation of the hip musculature during common lower extremity rehabilitation exercises. Objective: To determine whether lower extremity kinematics and muscle activation levels differ between sexes during closed kinetic chain rehabilitation exercises. Design: Cross-sectional with 1 between-subjects factor (sex) and 1 within-subjects factor (exercise). Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Participants included 21 women (age = 23 ± 5.8 years, height = 167.6 ± 5.1 cm, mass = 63.7 ± 5.9 kg) and 21 men (age = 23 ± 4.0 years, height = 181.4 ± 7.4 cm, mass = 85.6 ± 16.5 kg). Intervention(s): In 1 testing session, participants performed 3 trials each of single-leg squat, lunge, and step-up-and-over exercises. Main Outcome Measure(s): We recorded the peak joint angles (degrees) of knee flexion and valgus and hip flexion, extension, adduction, and external rotation for each exercise. We also recorded the electromyographic activity of the gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, adductor longus, and bilateral gluteus medius muscles for the concentric and eccentric phases of each exercise. Results: Peak knee flexion angles were smaller and peak hip extension angles were larger for women than for men across all tasks. Peak hip flexion angles during the single-leg squat were smaller for women than for men. Mean root-mean-square amplitudes for the gluteus maximus and rectus femoris muscles in both the concentric and eccentric phases of the 3 exercises were greater for women than for men. Conclusions: Sex differences were observed in sagittal-plane movement patterns during the rehabilitation exercises. Because of the sex differences observed in our study, future researchers need to compare the findings for injured participants by sex to garner a better representation of altered kinematic angles and muscle activation levels due to injury.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Squat depth was not standardized.
“Commensurate with previous investigations, 1,11-13 and to most closely resemble clinical practice, squat depth was not standardized.”
From Lower-Limb Kinematics of Single-Leg Squat Performance in Young Adults (2014) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wu, G., Siegler, S., Allard, P., Kirtley, C., Leardini, A., Rosenbaum, D., Whittle, M., DʼLima, D. D., Cristofolini, L., Witte, H., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00222-6 · Cited by 3,249 · see citing works
Introduction to Surface Electromyography
Cram, J. R., Kasman, G. S., & Holtz, J. (1998) · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Core Stability Measures as Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Injury in Athletes
Leetun, D., Ireland, M. L., Willson, J. D., Ballantyne, B. T., & DAVIS, I. M. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000128145.75199.c3 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Valgus Knee Motion during Landing in High School Female and Male Basketball Players
Ford, K. R., Myer, G. D., & Hewett, T. E. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000089346.85744.d9 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Introduction to Surface Electromyography
Pope, G. D. (1998) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0031-9406(05)61482-4 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain.
Ireland, M., Willson, J., Ballantyne, B., & Davis, I. (2003) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.671 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics and energy absorption during landing
Decker, M. J., Torry, M. R., Wyland, D. J., et al. (2003) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(03)00090-1 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
The relation between force, velocity and integrated electrical activity in human muscles
Bigland, B., & Lippold, O. C. J. (1954) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005044 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Hip Abductor Weakness in Distance Runners with Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Fredericson, M., Cookingham, C. L., Chaudhari, A. M. W., et al. (2000) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/00042752-200007000-00004 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Zeller, B. L., McCrory, J. L., Ben Kibler, W., & Uhl, T. L. (2003) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465030310032101 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of a functional method for the estimation of hip joint centre location
Leardini, A., Cappozzo, A., Catani, F., Toksvig-Larsen, S., Petitto, A., Sforza, V., Cassanelli, G., & Giannini, S. (1999) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(98)00148-1 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Relationship between Hip and Knee Strength and Knee Valgus during a Single Leg Squat
Claiborne, T. L., Armstrong, C. W., Gandhi, V., & Pincivero, D. M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.22.1.41 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
The functional anatomy of tensor fasciae latae and gluteus medius and minimus.
Gottschalk, F., Kourosh, S., & LeVeau, B. F. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Core Strength and Lower Extremity Alignment during Single Leg Squats
Willson, J. D., Ireland, M. L., & Davis, I. S. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000218140.05074.fa · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Beckman, S. M., & Buchanan, T. S. (1995) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(95)80123-5 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Nadler, S. F., Malanga, G. A., DePrince, M. L., et al. (2000) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/00042752-200004000-00002 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Sigward, S. M., & Powers, C. M. (2006) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.001 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Functional aspects of the abductor muscles of the hip.
Inman, V. T. (1947) · PubMed · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Sex differences in valgus knee angle during a single-leg drop jump.
Russell, K. A., Palmieri, R. M., Zinder, S. M., & Ingersoll, C. D. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 238 · see citing works
TRANSVERSE ROTATION OF THE SEGMENTS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY IN LOCOMOTION
Levens, A. S., Inman, V. T., & Blosser, J. A. (1948) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-194830040-00006 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
The Role of Hip Muscle Function in the Treatment of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Tyler, T. F., Nicholas, S., Mullaney, M. J., & McHugh, M. P. (2005) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546505281808 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Brindle, T. J., Mattacola, C. G., & McCrory, J. L. (2003) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-003-0353-z · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal Sensation Changes and Altered Hip Muscle Function Following Severe Ankle Sprain
Bullock-Saxton, J. (1994) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/74.1.17 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Hip Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During Side-Step Cutting Maneuver
Pollard, C. D., Sigward, S. M., & Powers, C. M. (2007) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3180305de8 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Manolopoulos, E., Papadopoulos, C. E., & Kellis, E. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00447.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Earl-Boehm, J. E., Schmitz, R. J., & Arnold, B. L. (2001) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/s1050-6411(01)00024-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Nyland, J. A., Kuzemchek, S., Parks, M., et al. (2003) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/s1050-6411(03)00078-6 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Gluteus Medius Activity during 3 Variations of Isometric Single-Leg Stance
Earl-Boehm, J. E. (2005) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.14.1.1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Alkjær, T., Simonsen, E. B., Magnusson, S. P., et al. (2002) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(02)00098-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Effect of Different Rest Intervals Between Sets on Volume Components and Strength Gains
Willardson, J. M., & Burkett, L. N. (2008) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815f912d · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Neuromuscular Control of the Knee during a Resisted Single-Limb Squat Exercise
Shields, R. K., Madhavan, S., Gregg, E., et al. (2005) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546504274150 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gluteus Medius Activity during Isometric Closed-Chain Hip Rotation
Schmitz, R. J., Riemann, B. L., & Thompson, T. (2002) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.11.3.179 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Beutler, A. I., Cooper, L. W., Kirkendall, D. T., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Quadriceps-hamstring EMG activity during functional, closed kinetic chain exercise to fatigue
Pincivero, D. M., Aldworth, C., Dickerson, T., et al. (2000) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050075 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Jacobs, C. A., & Mattacola, C. G. (2005) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.14.4.346 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationHart, J. M., Garrison, J. C., Kerrigan, D. C., et al. (2007) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438620701405289 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hertel, J. N., Earl-Boehm, J. E., Tsang, K. K. W., et al. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2002.003277 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hip Adduction Does not Affect VMO EMG Amplitude or VMO:VL Ratios during a Dynamic Squat Exercise
Boling, M. C., Padua, D. A., Blackburn, J. T., et al. (2006) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.15.3.195 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Fine-Wire Electromyographic Investigation of the Gluteus Minimus and Gluteus Medius Muscles
Wilson, G. L., Capen, E. K., & Stubbs, N. B. (1976) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/10671315.1976.10616747 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Livecchi, N. M., Armstrong, C. W., Cordova, M. L., et al. (2002) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.11.2.120 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Weeks, B. K., Carty, C. P., & Horan, S. A. (2012) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-207 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Lower-Limb Kinematics of Single-Leg Squat Performance in Young Adults
Horan, S. A., Watson, S. L., Carty, C. P., Sartori, M., & Weeks, B. K. (2014) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.2013-09 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dwyer, M. K., Boudreau, S. N., Mattacola, C. G., Uhl, T. L., & Lattermann, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Athletic Training
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181-190
- ISSN
- 1062-6050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2838470
- OpenAlex
- W2114817405
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Athletic Training (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, lower limb kinematics, hip muscle activation, closed kinetic chain exercises, rehabilitation exercises, single-leg squat, lunge, knee flexion, hip flexion, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, adductor longus, gluteus medius, electromyography, lower limb injuries
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Athletic Injuries, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cross-Sectional Studies, Electromyography, Female, Hip Joint, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Sex Factors, Muscle, Skeletal, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Lower Extremity, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
