The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Onset and Exacerbation of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The primary goal of this study was to examine the impact of pregnancy, childbirth, and menstruation on the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or exacerbation of OCD symptoms. METHOD: One hundred twenty-six women aged between 18 and 69 years attending a university-based OCD clinic who met DSM-IV criteria for OCD according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders were interviewed retrospectively to assess OCD onset and symptom exacerbation in relationship to reproductive events. Women were placed into 2 groups: those who had ever been pregnant (ever pregnant group) and those who had never been pregnant. The ever pregnant group was further subdivided into those who reported onset of OCD in the perinatal period (perinatal-related group) and those who denied onset related to pregnancy (nonperinatal-related group). Between-group comparisons were done using a Student t test for continuous measures, and categorical variables were assessed using the χ² test. RESULTS: Of the 78 women in the ever pregnant group, 32.1% (n = 24) had OCD onset in the perinatal period (perinatal-related group), 15.4% in pregnancy, 14.1% at postpartum, and 1.3% after miscarriage. Of 132 total pregnancies, 34.1% involved an exacerbation of symptoms, 22.0% involved an improvement in OCD symptoms, and 43.9% did not change symptom severity in women with preexisting illness. Women in the perinatal-related group and women with perinatal worsening of preexisting OCD were more likely to have premenstrual worsening of OCD symptoms compared to women in the nonperinatal-related group (66% vs 39%, P = .047). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide additional evidence that pregnancy and childbirth are frequently associated with the onset of OCD or worsening of symptoms in those with preexisting disorder. In addition, there appears to be continuity between OCD onset and/or exacerbation across the reproductive life cycle, at least with menstruation and pregnancy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As traumatic experiences, life transitions, and pregnancy or birth complications are considered risk factors for developing OCD [54, 55], more research is warranted to clarify the association between SB and OCD.”
From Depression, anxiety, PTSD, and OCD after stillbirth: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712
The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.94 · Cited by 2,771
Nongenomic Transmission Across Generations of Maternal Behavior and Stress Responses in the Rat
Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D., & Meaney, M. J. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5442.1155 · Cited by 1,965
Pedersen, C. A., & Prange, A. J. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.12.6661 · Cited by 841
New Parents and Mental Disorders: A Population-Based Register Study
Munk-Olsen, T., Laursen, T. M., Pedersen, C. B., Mors, O., & Mortensen, P. B. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.21.2582 · Cited by 727
Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. R. (1999) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579499001923 · Cited by 664
Hormones and mood: from menarche to menopause and beyond
Steiner, M. S. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00432-9 · Cited by 573
The prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiologic model.
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.8.1139 · Cited by 554
Brockington, I., & Kumar, R. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 424
Mataix‐Cols, D., Rauch, S. L., Baer, L., Eisen, J. L., Shera, D. M., Goodman, W. K., Rasmussen, S. A., & Jenike, M. A. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.263 · Cited by 284
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [22]First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JB Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Patient Edition SCID-I/P 1995 New York State Psychiatric Institute New York, NY
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
Altemus, M., Sarvaiya, N., & Neill Epperson, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.004 · Cited by 1,413
“Those women who reported onset of OCD or worsening of their ongoing OCD symptoms in the perinatal period, were also more likely to indicate that their symptoms worsened premenstrually (Forray et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe role of sex in the genomics of human complex traits
Khramtsova, E. A., Davis, L. K., & Stranger, B. E. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0083-1 · Cited by 303
Prosocial effects of oxytocin and clinical evidence for its therapeutic potential
Striepens, N., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.001 · Cited by 283
Anxiety disorders in postpartum women: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Goodman, J. H., Watson, G. R., & Stubbs, B. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.033 · Cited by 320
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
CASALE, A. D., Sorice, S., Padovano, A., Simmaco, M., Ferracuti, S., Lamis, D. A., Rapinesi, C., Sani, G., Girardi, P., Kotzalidis, G. D., et al. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x16666180813155017 · Cited by 243
Metadata
- Authors
- Forray, A., Focseneanu, M., Pittman, B., McDougle, C. J., & Epperson, C. N.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Weill Cornell Medical Center (US)
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Forray, Ariadna
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2010-05-18
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 08
- Pages
- 1061-1068
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4204467
- OpenAlex
- W2041383329
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH18268, K02MH073090, T32MH018268)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, pregnancy, postpartum period, symptom exacerbation, childbirth, menstruation, reproductive events, women
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Menarche, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Premenstrual Syndrome, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Puerperal Disorders, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Reproductive History, Age of Onset, Parturition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
