Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives

Altemus, Margaret; Sarvaiya, Nilofar; Neill Epperson, C.

doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.004

Cited by 1,413Sex and Gender in HealthcareMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives

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Altemus, Margaret, Sarvaiya, Nilofar, Neill Epperson, C.·2014·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.004PMC PMC4890708

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Abstract

Sex differences are prominent in mood and anxiety disorders and may provide a window into mechanisms of onset and maintenance of affective disturbances in both men and women. With the plethora of sex differences in brain structure, function, and stress responsivity, as well as differences in exposure to reproductive hormones, social expectations and experiences, the challenge is to understand which sex differences are relevant to affective illness. This review will focus on clinical aspects of sex differences in affective disorders including the emergence of sex differences across developmental stages and the impact of reproductive events. Biological, cultural, and experiential factors that may underlie sex differences in the phenomenology of mood and anxiety disorders are discussed.

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Women experience anxiety more and are twice more likely to develop anxiety disorders over their lifetime than men.
“This result is consistent with previous studies showing that women experience anxiety more and are twice more likely to develop anxiety disorders over their lifetime than men [42].”
From Adaptive function and correlates of anxiety during a pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
The Introduction states that women have twice the lifetime rates of most anxiety disorders and that subclinical anxiety symptoms are more common in women. The claim omits “most”: the paper identifies obsessive–compulsive disorder as an exception with similar prevalence in men and women. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Women are at increased risk of affective disorders.
“with women at an increased risk (96, 97)”
From Higher Circulating Cortisol in the Follicular vs. Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: A Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
Other studies do not distinguish between gender and sex differences, which may lead to ambiguity in analysis.
“Other studies do not distinguish between gender and sex differences, 23 which may lead to ambiguity in the analysis.”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Females are disproportionately affected by internalizing disorders.
“Notably, IDs are highly comorbid [17–19] with females [20–23] and young people (i.e. <65 years) [8, 10, 17–19, 22, 24–29] disproportionately affected.”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The age and sex findings are consistent with previous studies that females have shown higher rates of depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety disorder, and suicidal ideation.
“These findings are consistent with previous studies that females have shown higher rates of depressive symptoms (Kandel and Davies, 1982), generalized anxiety disorder (Altemus et al., 2014; Kessler et al., 1994), and suicidal ideation (Borges et al., 2006; Crosby et al., 1999).”
From Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Altemus et al., 2014

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“Our results complement and expand the findings of recent reviews that address this topic by focusing only on biological factors,(21,74) those that consider gender-sex differences but only in a specific anxiety disorder,(74,75) or those that do not clearly distinguish between gender and sex differences.(23) A novel con…”
Result
Is oxytocin “nature’s medicine”
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Gender characteristics of anxiety disorders
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Authors: Altemus, M., Sarvaiya, N., & Neill Epperson, C.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
Northwell Health (US)
Corresponding author: Altemus, Margaret
ORCID: Altemus, Margaret
Venue: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-08
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 320-330
ISSN: 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.004
PMC: PMC4890708
OpenAlex: W2049163404
Cited by: 1,413
References: 176
Citations by year: 2026: 113 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 5.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health and NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health (P50 MH099910)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24 DA03031)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: sex differences, anxiety disorders, depression, mood disorders, reproductive hormones, reproductive events, stress responsivity, social expectations
MeSH terms: Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological

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