Cited by 427Schizophrenia research and treatmentPsychiatric care and mental health servicesHistorical Psychiatry and Medical Practices

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Long-Acting Injectable Versus Oral Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mirror-Image Studies

Kishimoto, Taishiro, Nitta, Masahiro, Borenstein, Michael, Kane, John M., Correll, Christoph U.·2013·The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

DOI 10.4088/jcp.13r08440

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Recent, large, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed no benefit of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics over oral antipsychotics in preventing relapse in schizophrenia, nor did a recent meta-analysis incorporating these studies. However, RCTs might enroll a disproportionate number of patients with better treatment adherence and lower illness severity. Mirror-image studies, which compare periods of oral antipsychotic versus LAI treatment in the same patients, might therefore better reflect the real-world impact of LAIs. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search without language restriction was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and CINAHL until May 31, 2012. Search terms included synonyms of (1) antipsychotic(s) AND (2) schizophrenia and related disorders AND (3) depot, (long-acting) injection(s), microsphere, decanoate, palmitate, enanthate. STUDY SELECTION: Of 5,483 identified citations, 607 articles were fully inspected, and 582 were ineligible. Finally, 25 mirror-image studies from 28 countries that followed 5,940 patients with schizophrenia for ≥ 12 months (≥ 6 months each on oral antipsychotic and LAI treatment) met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. DATA EXTRACTION: Coprimary outcomes were hospitalization risk and number of hospitalizations. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization days and length of stay. DATA SYNTHESIS: LAIs showed strong superiority over oral antipsychotics in preventing hospitalization (16 studies, N = 4,066; risk ratio = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.35-0.53; P < .001) and in decreasing the number of hospitalizations (15 studies, 6,342 person-years; rate ratio = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.28-0.51; P < .001). This strong advantage was also observed for secondary outcomes and in multiple clinically relevant subpopulations and treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results from mirror-image studies in patients eligible for clinical use of LAIs showed strong superiority of LAIs compared to oral antipsychotics in preventing hospitalization. The results were in contrast to the recent meta-analysis of RCTs, which showed no superiority of LAIs. Given the possible biases in mirror-image studies, such as expectation bias, natural illness course, and time effect, a cautious interpretation is required. Nevertheless, the population in mirror-image studies better reflects the population receiving LAIs in clinical practice.

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“However, only a few studies have been conducted in South Korea on the effectiveness of LAIs, including PP [32-34], and no mirror-image study has ever been done.”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Despite thatwhether LAI antipsychoticswere superior to oral antipsychotics remained inconclusive (Kishimoto et al., 2013b; Rosenheck Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, aiwan.”
Background
Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly versus oral aripiprazole in Chinese patients with acute schizophrenia: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority study
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“However, a meta-analysis of mirror-image studies reflected the real-world situation, showing the superiority of LAIs to oral antipsychotics in preventing hospitalization (Kishimoto et al. 2013).”
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“In turn, SGA LAIs have shown higher effectiveness to prevent relapse and hospitalization [22,26–28,41], which is better supported by naturalistic studies [16,26–28,32, 34,35,42–45] than by a meta-analysis [34], particularly with regard to SGA LAIs [27,42–45].”
Result
Critical appraisal of 3-monthly paliperidone depot injections in the treatment of schizophrenia
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“The so-called “mirror image studies” are considered methodologically more appropriate in evaluating comparative effectiveness of antipsychotic formulations; it is worth mentioning that a recent meta-analysis of mirror image studies demonstrated the superiority of LAI over oral antipsychotics in preventing hospitalizat…”
Three-month paliperidone palmitate - a new treatment option for schizophrenia
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“Other naturalistic designs (as mirrorimage studies) better reflect the population receiving LAIAs in clinical practice [11,21].”
Background
Hospitalization rates and resource utilization of schizophrenic patients switched from oral antipsychotics to aripiprazole-depot in Germany
Potempa, C., & Rychlik, R. P. T. (2018) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-018-0215-5 · Cited by 12
“Recent meta-analyses came to the conclusion that sustained release drugs are able to reduce the hospitalization risk significantly compared to oral antipsychotic treatments [12, 13].”
Background
Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic in an Inpatient Unit of a Community Teaching Hospital
Olayinka, O. O., Oyelakin, A., Cherukupally, K., Virk, I., Ojimba, C., Khadka, S., Maksymenko, A., Fouron, P., Khandaker, T., Olupona, T., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2019/8629030 · Cited by 12
“Long-acting injectables have proven to be more efficacious in preventing rehospitalization and improving medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia, compared to oral antipsychotics [11, 12].”
Background
Oral Versus Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment for People With Severe Schizophrenia
Miranda, J. J. F., Díaz-Fernández, S., & Lopez-Munoz, F. J. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001299 · Cited by 12
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“For example, the self-controlled mirror-image design known from pharmacology has been shown to overcome the risk of confounding owing to time-invariant sample characteristics because every subject acts as its own control (60, 61).”
Background
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Stahl, S. M., & Djokic, G. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.015 · Cited by 12
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“6–10 Thus, for LAI antipsychotics, it is also important to ensure that the drug is delivered timely and reliably to achieve the target D2RO of 65%–80% for optimal antipsychotic effect and minimal side effects.”
Background
Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Aripiprazole LAI or Paliperidone LAI for the Management of Patients Suffering from Bipolar I Disorder with Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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“The safety and efficacy of second-generation LAI antipsychotics have been extensively studied in patients with schizophrenia [22–24].”
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“The last part focuses on attitude toward oral and long-acting injectable antipsychotics (24).”
Background
Evaluation of a comprehensive information and assistance program for patients with schizophrenia treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics
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A Meta View on Meta-analyses
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“43) compared to oral antipsychotics.(9) The discrepancy in findings compared to the trials is due to the study design of naturalistic cohort studies which have higher predictability in clinical practice.”
Result
A novel approach to cardiovascular disturbances in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with long-acting injectable medication
Andor, M., Dehelean, L., Romoșan, A. M., Buda, V. O., Radu, G., Căruntu, F. R., Bordejevic, A. D., Manea, M. M., Papavă, I., Bredicean, C. A., et al. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s186892 · Cited by 10
“Observational studies reflecting real-life conditions emphasize the superiority of the LAI medication in preventing psychotic recurrences.(12) Nevertheless, for long-term treatments, it is important to thoroughly assess the side effects of medication.”
Background
Clinical Utility of Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder: A Review of Clinical Studies
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“27 Based on a large body of evidence from both open-label and observational studies, BW-RLAI also seems guarantee improvements in cognition, 28 functioning and personal and social performance, 22,24 subjective well-being and quality of life, attitudes toward medication, and treatment satisfaction.”
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“We further conducted sensitivity analyses to address the potential of a regression towards the mean [14, 15, 18], which could have led to an overestimation of ISH effects.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The management challenges of a case with Flupentixol‐induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Elyasi, F., Sadati, S. N., & Heydari, F. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12315 · Cited by 9
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“Long-acting injection of antipsychotics helps improve medical adherence, and the use of this modality has been proved to be advantageous in achieving and maintaining remission, lowering the risk of relapse and lowering hospitalization rates.(15,16) A previous study carried out in Hong Kong that examined the cost-effec…”
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“The data are mixed [12-22]; however, studies with designs that are most reflective of real-world treatment conditions suggest that LAI formulations may lower the potential for symptom relapse and may lead to a shorter relapse duration and a reduction in the length and frequency of hospitalizations [14,15,23-28].”
Result
Do Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics Prevent or Delay Hospital Readmission?
Maestri, T. J., Mican, L. M., Rozea, H., & Barner, J. C. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4571 · Cited by 10
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“in first episode or later in psychotic disorder evolution [8,9,18].”
Background
The Use of Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Patients with Severe Schizophrenia in the Real World: The Role of the Route of Administration and Dosage—A 5-Year Follow-Up
Miranda, J. J. F., Díaz-Fernández, S., & Lopez-Munoz, F. J. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11010042 · Cited by 9
“Some naturalistic studies even report higher treatment adherence with high-dose LAI SGAs therapy in patients who are severely ill [33,62,63].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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“A review of mirrorimage studies suggested that LAI antipsychotics were superior to oral antipsychotics in preventing hospitalization [13].”
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Antipsychotika
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“However, mirror-image studies also have major disadvantages such as less control over confounding variables, susceptibility towards regression to the mean, and the absence of randomization, which pose a high risk of bias (Kishimoto et al. , 2013).”
Background
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“A meta-analysis of 25 mirror design studies comparing OAP and LAIs treatments in the same patient showed that LAIs are more effective than OAPs in preventing relapses, decreasing both number and duration of Psychiatric hospitalizations; these results were confirmed in the groups treated with different antipsychotics,…”
Result
Readmissions, costs, and duration to subsequent outpatient visit after hospital discharge among Medicaid beneficiaries utilizing oral versus long-acting injectable antipsychotics in bipolar disorder or schizophrenia
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BackgroundResult
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“LATs help with adherence issues (Brissos et al. 2014), and may improve patient outcomes, including reducing relapses (Schreiner et al. 2015) and hospitalisations (Kishimoto et al. 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
One-year mirror-image study of the impact of olanzapine long-acting injection on healthcare resource utilization and costs in severe schizophrenia
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“Indeed, mirror design studies report lower hospitalization rates with LAI antipsychotics compared to the period with oral antipsychotic treatment (Kishimoto et al., 2013; Bressington et al., 2015; Jones et al., 2015; Vincent et al., 2017; Nielsen et al., 2018; Stip and Lachaine, 2018; Devrimci-Ozguven et al., 2019; Mi…”
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“Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) offer several advantages over oral antipsychotics, including improved adherence, reduced hospitalisation rates (Kishimoto et al., 2013; Taipale et al., 2018a) and reduced mortality (Taipale et al., 2018b).”
Background
The use of first-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics in children and adolescents—A retrospective audit from India
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Comparison of Injectable and Oral Antipsychotics in Relapse Rates in a Pragmatic 30-Month Schizophrenia Relapse Prevention Study.
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Self-citation
Patients’ experiences of long-acting injectable antipsychotics: a qualitative study
Chiu, L.-L., Liu, C.-H., Chu, C., Lin, H., & Lii, S.-C. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s206154 · Cited by 9
Evaluating the cost and clinical effectiveness of long-acting, injectable aripiprazole and paliperidone palmitate once a month in a real-world setting
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“Observational studies have shown that LAIs, when compared with their oral equivalents, reduce relapse and readmission rates significantly.(4,9) Mirror-image studies of antipsychotic LAIs provide an alternative model of study, in which each patient acts as their own control.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Serum Aripiprazole Concentrations Prehemodialysis and Posthemodialysis in a Schizophrenic Patient With Chronic Renal Failure
Donatis, D. D., Porcelli, S., Serretti, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001178 · Cited by 8
Satisfaction Survey on Antipsychotic Formulations by Schizophrenia Patients in Japan
Hatano, M., Takeuchi, I., Yamashita, K., Morita, A., Tozawa, K., Sakakibara, T., Hajitsu, G., Hanya, M., Yamada, S., Iwata, N., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2021.19.4.610 · Cited by 8
“in a meta-analysis, using real-world data [13], it may not be acceptable to patients, due to several reasons.”
Background
Benefit–risk assessment of paliperidone oral extended-release tablet versus monthly injectable for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia
Levitan, B. S., Markowitz, M., Turkoz, I., Fu, D., Gopal, S., & Alphs, L. D. (2016) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000141 · Cited by 8
“DOI: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000141 dimensions (Kane et al., 2013; Kishimoto et al., 2013, 2014).”
Influential
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“We also included Mirror-image studies, which, despite lower methodological rigor than randomized controlled trials, offer substantial strengths, especially in mental health research [18,19].”
Comparative analysis of polystyrene versus zirconia beads on breakage kinetics, heat generation, and amorphous formation during wet bead milling
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Peters-Strickland, T. S., Zhao, C. Y., Perry, P. P., Eramo, A., Salzman, P. M., McQuade, R. D., Johnson, B. R., & Sanchez, R. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000365 · Cited by 7
“In contrast, a meta-analysis of naturalistic, mirror-image studies in patients with schizophrenia found superior efficacy of long-acting injectables in preventing hospitalizations.(11) We have previously confirmed that rates of hospitalizations were significantly reduced after patients switched from oral antipsychotic…”
Result
A Single Assessment with the Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) Discriminates Responders to Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment in Patients with Schizophrenia
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“Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are recommended for patients who are nonadherent with oral antipsychotic regimens in all major schizophrenia treatment guidelines (Barnes and Schizophrenia Consensus Group of British Association for Psychopharmacology, 2011; Galletly et al., 2016; Kane et al., 2003; Kishimot…”
Background
Association between discontinuation due to withdrawal of consent and use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics: A meta-analysis of randomized trials for schizophrenia
Kishi, T., Sakuma, K., Okuya, M., & Iwata, N. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.009 · Cited by 7
Structured Evaluation of Rehabilitation Programs Outcomes in Psychiatry: Application of a Recovery-Centered Model
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Multivesicular liposomal depot system for sustained delivery of risperidone: development, characterization, and toxicity assessment
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“It is generally believed that an ideal carrier for antipsychotic drugs should deliver them over a prolonged time to deal with the predicament of poor patient compliance [39].”
Background
The Switch From Paliperidone Long-Acting Injectable 1- to 3-Monthly
Mauri, M., Franco, G., Minutillo, A., Paletta, S., Pace, C. D., Reggiori, A., Baldelli, S., & Cattaneo, D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001484 · Cited by 8
Rating Opportunity for Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Initiation Index (ROLIN)
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“Although many studies indicate that the use of LAIs may have the potential to prevent relapses and hospitalizations compared to oral antipsychotics (41), and although second-generation LAI formulations are widely available, it has been estimated that only 10–20% of eligible patients are actually prescribed LAIs (42).”
Background
Impact of schizophrenia relapse definition on the comparative effectiveness of oral versus injectable antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Cristarella, T., Castillon, G., Nepveu, J.-F., & Moride, Y. (2022) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.915 · Cited by 7
Differences in autonomic nervous system activity between long-acting injectable aripiprazole and oral aripiprazole in schizophrenia
Hattori, S., Suda, A., Kishida, I., Miyauchi, M., Shiraishi, Y., Noguchi, N., Furuno, T., Asami, T., Fujibayashi, M., Tsujita, N., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04617-y · Cited by 7
Switching away from pipotiazine palmitate: a naturalistic study
Mustafa, F. A. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125316672575 · Cited by 7
“Naturalistic mirror-image studies have consistently shown that LAIs reduce hospitalization, which is contrary to the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [Kishimoto et al. 2013].”
Result
Effects of aripiprazole long‐acting injectable antipsychotic on hospitalization in recent‐onset schizophrenia
Karlović, D., Silić, A., Crnković, D., & Peitl, V. (2020) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2763 · Cited by 7
“It is interesting to note that observational studies tend to report LAI's superiority over oral antipsychotics (Kishimoto et al., 2013, 2018), while randomized control trials often do not.”
BackgroundResult
Clinical effectiveness of early treatment with paliperidone palmitate in schizophrenia: A retrospective real‐world study in South Korea
Shin, W., Lee, D. H., Kim, M.-K., Lee, S.-H., Cho, D.-Y., & Bang, M. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13116 · Cited by 7
“Several studies have reported that long-acting injectable antipsychotic medications (LAIs) considerably reduce the rate of relapse in patients with schizophrenia (Kishimoto et al., 2013; Kishimoto et al., 2014; Leucht et al., 2011).”
Background
Distribution and correlates of long-acting injectable antipsychotic use among community mental health center patients
Lohman, M. C., Scott, V., Verma, M., Jones, P., & Fields, E. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116378 · Cited by 7
Can the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotic preparations be increased in routine clinical practice and the benefits realised?
Paton, C., Okocha, C., & Patel, M. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253211072347 · Cited by 6
The Benefits of Antipsychotic Drugs
Zhang, J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803376-0.00014-9 · Cited by 6
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Predictors of persistence in patients with schizophrenia treated with aripiprazole once-monthly long-acting injection in the Spanish clinical practice: a retrospective, observational study
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Comparison of Efficacy and Safety between Long‐Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Monotherapy and Combination of Long‐Acting Injectable and Oral Antipsychotics in Patients with Schizophrenia
Sathienluckana, T., Tiangpattanawong, P., Chaiyasukthananoan, K., Jittayanan, P., Sawetwangsing, H., & Puchsaka, P. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2021/8403986 · Cited by 6
“Meta-analysis of mirror-image studies has found that LAI antipsychotics reduce relapse, rehospitalization, and allcause discontinuation compared to oral antipsychotics [11].”
Background
Health service utilization and medical costs among patients with schizophrenia receiving long-acting injectable risperidone versus oral risperidone
Fan, S.-J., Lü, N., Chang, H.-C., Tang, C., & Huang, K.-C. (2018) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000213 · Cited by 6
“…health service utilization of patients with schizophrenia, including fewer hospital admissions, emergency department visits, and shorter lengths of stay (Niaz and Haddad, 2007; Chang et al., 2009; Crivera et al., 2011; Kishimoto et al., 2013; 0268-1315 Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.”
Long-term outcomes of Aripiprazole long-acting injectable: a 10-year mirror image study of patient acceptability and treatment effectiveness
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“Furthermore, it is the only partial agonist available in long-acting formulation and despite its higher acquisition cost compared to ﬁ rst generation antipsychotics 20 , it is often associated with a more favourable side effect pro ﬁ le 21 and improved patient outcomes 22 .”
Effect of long-acting injectable antipsychotics on treatment adherence and healthcare utilization in Chinese patients with schizophrenia: a mirror-image study
Zhang, L., Wu, T., Li, J., Du, C., Chi, R., Jiang, K., Qiu, H., Hsu, Y., Dong, W., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251360400 · Cited by 6
“Our results in the Chinese population are consistent with worldwide results from two meta-analyses showing superiority of LAIs over oral antipsychotics in rates of hospitalization, 22,23 and evidence of reduced healthcare utilization associated with LAI compared to oral antipsychotics.”
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“These reviews examined the effect of LAIs on medication adherence, hospitalization risks, relapse, emergency department (ED) visits/admission, or health care costs compared to oral antipsychotic medications (Kishimoto et al., 2013, 2021; Lin et al., 2021).”
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Retracted
An open-treatment six-week study of the clinical effectiveness of Paliperidone Palmitate in schizophrenia: data from acute units in Spain (SHADOW study)
Parellada, E., Bioque, M., Serrano, M., Herrera, B., Dorado, M. G., & the SHADOW Study Group (2017) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2017.1404112 · Cited by 5
Community treatment orders should be introduced in the Republic of Ireland
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“In contrast a meta-analysis of RCTs showed no advantage over oral administration (Kishimoto et al. 2013): the same pattern seen in research on CTOs.”
Result
Comparisons of the effects of second-generation antipsychotics long-acting injections on treatment retention according to severity of patient condition
Suzuki, H., Hibino, H., Inoue, Y., et al. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.009 · Cited by 5
From QAAPAPLE 1 to QAAPAPLE 2: how do we move from one algorithm to another one with Long Acting Antipsychotics (LAIs)
Stip, É., Grignon, S., Roy, M., Bloom, D., Osman, O. T., Amiri, L., Aziz, K. A., Javaid, S. F., & Arnone, D. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1826930 · Cited by 5
Predictors of long-acting injectable antipsychotic prescription at discharge in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Şenay, O., Mursalova, Z., Gadimov, S., & Üçok, A. (2021) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000372 · Cited by 5
“LAIs are similar enough to be used interchangeably to their oral formulations, and they have been shown to reduce relapse rates, and the frequency and duration of hospitalization more compared to oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients (Tiihonen et al., 2011; Kishimoto et al., 2013;…”
Background
Long-acting injectable HIV therapies: the next frontier: Republication
Thornhill, J. P., & Orkin, C. M. (2021) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000670 · Cited by 6
“Treatment fatigue is a common barrier to improved outcomes and has been overcome in the field of psychiatry [1,2] and women’s health [3] by the development of long-acting (LA) therapeutic options.”
Background
Effects of long-acting injectable antipsychotics versus oral antipsychotics on autonomic nervous system activity in schizophrenic patients
Suda, A., Hattori, S., Kishida, I., Miyauchi, M., Shiraishi, Y., Fujibayashi, M., Tsujita, N., Ishii, C., Ishii, N., Moritani, T., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s173617 · Cited by 5
beta-Lactam resistance and beta-lactamase isoforms of Moraxella catarrhalis isolates in Taiwan.
Fung, C.-P., Lee, S. C., Liu, P. Y., Jang, T. N., Wong, F. D., Kuo, B. I., Liu, C. Y., & Liu, Y. C. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Switch to 3-Month Long-Acting Injectable Paliperidone May Decrease Plasma Levels
Cellini, L., Donatis, D. D., Mercolini, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001461 · Cited by 4
The Willingness of Community Psychiatric Management Physicians to Preferentially Recommend Long-Acting Injections in Beijing
Jin, L., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Huang, Q., Li, B., Xu, Y., Xi, R., & Lu, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.779563 · Cited by 4
“LAI was shown to be more effective in preventing readmissions and improving medication compliance in patients with schizophrenia than oral drugs (42, 43).”
Background

Authors: Kishimoto, T., Nitta, M., Borenstein, M., Kane, J. M., & Correll, C. U.
Affiliations: Keio University (JP)
Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma (Japan) (JP)
Biostat (United States) (US)
Zucker Hillside Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Correll, Christoph U.
ORCID: Kishimoto, Taishiro
Borenstein, Michael
Kane, John M.
Correll, Christoph U.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
Publisher: Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
Published: 2013-10-15
Volume: 74
Issue: 10
Pages: 957-965
ISSN: 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4088/jcp.13r08440
OpenAlex: W2088866491
Cited by: 427
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 25.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH090590)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
Keywords: long-acting injectable antipsychotics, oral antipsychotics, schizophrenia, hospitalization, relapse prevention, mirror-image study, medication adherence, real-world effectiveness, length of hospital stay, antipsychotic adverse effects, antipsychotic switching, antipsychotic discontinuation
MeSH terms: Administration, Oral, Delayed-Action Preparations, Humans, Injections, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Drug Monitoring, Patient Selection, Medication Adherence, Secondary Prevention, Comparative Effectiveness Research

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Long-Acting Injectable Versus Oral Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mirror-Image Studies

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