Cited by 211Treatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Depression: Awareness, Assessment, and Management: (Academic Highlights)

Culpepper, Larry, Lam, Raymond W., McIntyre, Roger S.·2017·The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

DOI 10.4088/jcp.tk16043ah5c

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Abstract

Article Abstract †‹†‹ Click to enlarge page Cognitive impairment is a common, often persistent, symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) that is disproportionately represented in patients who have not returned to full psychosocial functioning. The ultimate goal of treatment in depression is full functional recovery, and assessing patients for cognitive impairment and selecting treatments that address cognitive dysfunction should lead to improved functional outcomes. Unfortunately, many clinicians use screening and assessment tools that are not suited for measuring cognitive impairment in patients with depression. The new THINC-it assessment tool is the first instrument that provides objective and subjective data on dysfunction in all the cognitive domains commonly affected by depression. In regard to treatment, several pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions have been investigated as treatments for cognitive dysfunction in individuals with MDD. However very few studies of treatments for cognitive function in patients with MDD have been adequate, in terms of sample size and study methods, to guide clinical practice. The best evidence supports the moderate efficacy of some antidepressants, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and exercise. From the Department of Family Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts (Dr Culpepper); the Department of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Dr Lam); and the Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr McIntyre). †‹†‹†‹†‹

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Method
Cognitive Functions in Pregnant Women
Lesiewska, N., & Bieliński, M. K. (2021) · Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1690
Neurology Journal Club: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Cognitive Impairment
Yun, J., & Bouslama, M. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000013226
“In fact, it is well established that depression can affect cognition and needs to be screened for in patients with cognitive complaints.(9) Third, other influential factors, such as the existence of preenrollment cognitive impairment, structural brain abnormalities, CNS disorders, thyroid disease, and alcohol use, as…”
Cognitive decline complaints scale (CDCS): validation and normative studies for the adults and older adults Portuguese population
Frias, J. R., Nogueira, J., Gerardo, B., Afonso, R. M., & Freitas, S. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2068130
“Furthermore, previous studies support a common association between cognitive impairment and depression (e.g. Casey, 2017; Culpepper et al., 2017; Leyhe et al., 2017), a set of evidence worth considering since a significant correlation was found between CDCS and GDS-30.”
Result
Thyroid Hormone Mediates the Effect of Antidepressants on Cognitive Function in Patients with Depression: A Mediation Analysis in a Longitudinal StudyPreprint
Zhao, M., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2321186/v1
Assessment of Functionality and the Relationship Between Cognition and Psychological Status in Aging
Moreira, F. F., Licoviski, P. T., Pinto, M. E. G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.17921/2447-8938.2022v24n4p254-259
Influence of Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms on Subjective Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive DisorderPreprint
Wang, C.-Z., Xie, Q., Zhang, Y., Meng, M.-L., Lu, J., Li, X., Lu, D., Chu, M., Lv, Q., Yi, Z., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2929873/v1
Changed Interleukins are Associated with Sleep and/or Cognition in Chronic Insomnia Patients：A Pilot StudyPreprint
Wang, F., Zhang, Z., Xia, L., Shi, C.-Y., & Chen, G.-H. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3191107/v1
Evidencias y perspectivas del potencial antidepresivo del “alcaloide mágico” psilocibina: una revisión narrativa
Toledo, M. M. V. (2023) · Cultura y Droga · doi:10.17151/culdr.2023.28.35.5
“…el trastorno depresivo podría incluso considerarse un desorden neurodegenerativo leve en el que, como consecuencia de las afecciones en la plasticidad, se alteran circuitos neuronales relacionados con procesamiento emocional y funciones cognitivas (Culpepper et al. , 2017; Goeleven et al. , 2006).”
Background
Cross-cultural adaptation of the Scale of Perception of Respect for and Maintenance of the Dignity of the Inpatient (CuPDPH) to Brazilian Portuguese and its psychometric properties—A multicenter cross-sectional study
Dutra, P. E. P., Quagliato, L. A., Curupaná, F. T., Peres, L. Z., Pacini, V. L., da Silva, C. R. M., Garcia, J. S., Campillo, B., & Nardi, A. E. (2024) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100328
Neuropsychological and Fatigue Predictors of Driving Ability After Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-analysis and Pilot Study
Egeto, P. (2024) · doi:10.32920/25417357.v1
The effectiveness of cognitive training in people in psychiatry with depressive symptoms – A randomized controlled study
Brasser, M., Frühholz, S., Schneeberger, A. R., Trevor, C., Ruschetti, G. G., Held, F. E., Häner, M., & Studer-Luethi, B. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100805 · Cited by 1
Cognición y conducta suicida en psicosis y depresión
Sastre-Buades, A., Baca‐García, E., & Barrigón, M. L. (2024) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2024.100512
The potential of non-psychedelic 5-HT2A agents in the treatment of substance use disorders: a narrative review of the clinical literature
Pulido-Saavedra, A., Borelli, A., Kitaneh, R., Alrafayia, M., Khave, L. J., Funaro, M. C., Potenza, M. N., & Angarita, G. A. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2446623
“In addition, there is a high co-occurrence of other psychiatric concerns in people with SUDs, and these may involve cognitive impairment [88,89].”
Love addiction symptoms and subjective cognitive complaints: The mediator role of depression and anxiety and the impact of social media use
Maggi, G., Giacobbe, C., Borrello, L., Barone, A., Mastromarino, C., Antonelli, P., & Santangelo, G. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115621
“Nevertheless, since LA leads to depression and anxiety, which lead to cognitive dysfunction in different types of pathologies [17,18], subjective cognitive failures might be not only a direct consequence of LA but also a consequence of psychological symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety) related…”
Effect of augmentation with aripiprazole or augmentation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus switching to the antidepressant venlafaxine extended release/duloxetine on cognition: A comparative effectiveness research trial for antidepressant incomplete and non-responders with treatment-resistant depression (ASCERTAIN-TRD)
Guidetti, C., Chaikali, S., Trivedi, M. H., Shelton, R. C., Iosifescu, D. V., Thase, M. E., Jha, M. K., Mathew, S. J., DeBattista, C., Dokucu, M. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119836
Glutamatergic lateral habenula neurons modulate consolidation of associative memories
Srivastava, S., Wang, I.-C., Kochukov, M. Y., Swanson, J., Costa‐Mattioli, M., & Arenkiel, B. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1646689
“…aspect of LHb physiology is its position at the interface between emotion and higher order cognitive processes like learning and memory, especially given the high prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with depression (Rock et al., 2014; Mendelsohn et al., 2009; Culpepper et al., 2017).”
Prediction of online grooming in adolescents based on emotional problems, sexting, cybervictimization and sex and age differences / Predicción del online grooming en adolescentes argentinos a partir de problemas emocionales , sexting , cibervictimización y diferencias de sexo y edad
Resett, S. A., Caino, P. C. G., & Mesurado, B. (2025) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1177/02103702251355453 · Cited by 2
“…given that they show that sharing personal sexual content leads not only to abuse from adults but also to peer abuse, leading to a greater increase in negative emotional states and a less negative assessment of the danger of this behaviour due to emotional distress (Culpepper et al., 2017).”
Association between muscle quality index and depression in adults: A cross-sectional study
He, Y., shi, S., Liang, Z., & Wang, J. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2025.09.004
A machine learning-based discriminative framework for mild cognitive impairment risk in middle-aged and elderly Chinese patients with depression: evidence from CHARLS and CLHLS
Yao, J., Chen, Y., Huang, Z.-C., Chen, Z.-W., Yin, Z., & Fan-rong, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120701 · Cited by 1
Charting Cognition: A Narrative Review of Competing Cognitive-Domain TaxonomiesPreprint
Paganin, W. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5828071
Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on perioperative psychological symptoms in patients undergoing elective thoracoscopic pneumonectomy under general anaesthesia: study protocol for a single-centre, prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled study
Sun, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Lin, Y., Ma, T., Zhou, M., Li, P., Liu, J., Zhao, W., Xiong, X., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-110216
Additional file 2 of Cognitive impairment and factors influencing depression in adolescents with suicidal and self-injury behaviors: a cross-sectional study
Chen, H., Hong, L., Tong, S., Li, M., Sun, S., Xu, Y., Liu, J., Feng, T., Li, Y., Lin, G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26581895
Additional file 1 of Exergames improves cognitive functions in adolescents with depression: study protocol of a prospective, assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial
Wang, D.-Q., Zhang, J.-J., Chen, J.-N., Li, R.-Y., Luo, Y.-X., & Deng, W. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23682315
Additional file 1 of Sex differences in subjective cognitive impairment and clinical correlates in Chinese patients with subthreshold depression
lv, Q., Li, X., Zhang, Y., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22601413
Additional file 1 of Cognitive impairment and factors influencing depression in adolescents with suicidal and self-injury behaviors: a cross-sectional study
Chen, H., Hong, L., Tong, S., Li, M., Sun, S., Xu, Y., Liu, J., Feng, T., Li, Y., Lin, G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26581892
Cognitive Dysfunction and Learning Implications in Medical Students With Depressive Symptoms: Electrophysiological Evidence From P300 Event-Related Potentials
Tapia, R., Martínez-Zarraluqui, A., Guízar-Sánchez, D., & Sampieri-Cabrera, R. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.99806
Cognitive status and anxiety level in patients with arterial atherosclerosis in the perioperative period
Перепелица, С. А., Zabalueva, A. A., & Shatravka, A. V. (2026) · Translational Medicine · doi:10.18705/2311-4495-2025-12-6-527-537
Depressive symptoms in hospitalized geriatric patients with and without cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional network analysis approach
Prell, T., Schönenberg, A., & Heimrich, K. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1689283
“Addressing this gap is clinically relevant given the complex and bidirectional relationship between depression and cognitive impairment, which continues to pose challenges for diagnosis, treatment, and the optimization of functional outcomes and the quality of life in older adults (9, 10).”
Neural mechanism of Shugan Jieyu combined with zolpidem in insomnia disorder with depressive symptoms: evidence from event-related potentials in Go/No-Go and psychomotor vigilance task
Xin, Q. Q., Paudel, D., Zhang, J., Wei, H., Huang, H., Lv, Z., He, W., Xu, Y., & Zhang, B. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08023-y · Cited by 1
“Beyond the core clinical symptoms, IDDS is strongly associated with significant daytime cognitive impairment [9, 14, 20, 21, 35].”
Etude des marqueurs olfactifs de différenciation des troubles affectifs : différences entre la dépression bipolaire et unipolaire
Kazour, F. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/479281baz3ffcz44c6zb62dzb1828caed18f
Factors associated with depressive symptoms among older Chinese Americans with major depressive disorder
Chao, Y., Seo, J. Y., Zha, P., et al. (2026) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2026.104036
Impact of aging and body mass index on self-reported cognitive impairment among West Texas adults: Implications for better lifestyle
Khan, H. M. R., Dayamba, L., Rafiq, A., Nizia, E. W., & Mostafa, F. B. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.1177/25424823261460418

Authors: Culpepper, L., Lam, R. W., & McIntyre, R. S.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
University of British Columbia (CA)
University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Culpepper, Larry
Lam, Raymond W.
McIntyre, Roger S.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
Publisher: Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
Published: 2017-12-27
Volume: 78
Issue: 9
Pages: 1383-1394
ISSN: 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4088/jcp.tk16043ah5c
OpenAlex: W2776397410
Cited by: 211
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5
FWCI: 5.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: cognitive impairment, major depressive disorder, cognitive screening, antidepressants, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical activity, functional recovery, treatment selection
MeSH terms: Antidepressive Agents, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Cognitive Dysfunction

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Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Depression: Awareness, Assessment, and Management: (Academic Highlights)

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