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Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Depression: Awareness, Assessment, and Management: (Academic Highlights)
Abstract
Article Abstract †‹†‹ Click to enlarge page Cognitive impairment is a common, often persistent, symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) that is disproportionately represented in patients who have not returned to full psychosocial functioning. The ultimate goal of treatment in depression is full functional recovery, and assessing patients for cognitive impairment and selecting treatments that address cognitive dysfunction should lead to improved functional outcomes. Unfortunately, many clinicians use screening and assessment tools that are not suited for measuring cognitive impairment in patients with depression. The new THINC-it assessment tool is the first instrument that provides objective and subjective data on dysfunction in all the cognitive domains commonly affected by depression. In regard to treatment, several pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions have been investigated as treatments for cognitive dysfunction in individuals with MDD. However very few studies of treatments for cognitive function in patients with MDD have been adequate, in terms of sample size and study methods, to guide clinical practice. The best evidence supports the moderate efficacy of some antidepressants, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and exercise. From the Department of Family Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts (Dr Culpepper); the Department of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Dr Lam); and the Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr McIntyre). †‹†‹†‹†‹
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“Additionally, we used a multidimensional approach to evaluate trial outcomes; symptom assessments were complemented with evaluation of change in subjective mental health behaviors and quality of life, as well as change in objective measures of neuro-cognition that are impacted in depression [31–37].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Notably, while depression can be associated with cognitive deficits [31–37]”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“depressed people often have impaired cognition [42–44].”
From APOE4 genotype exacerbates the depression-like behavior of mice during aging through ATP decline (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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Pacheco‐Barrios, K., Teixeira, P. E. P., Martínez-Magallanes, D., Neto, M. S., Pichardo, E. A., Camargo, L., Lima, D., Cardenas‐Rojas, A., & Fregni, F. (2024) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnae030 · Cited by 9
Neurocognition in adults with congenital heart disease post-cardiac surgery: A systematic review
Cabrera‐Mino, C., DeVon, H. A., Aboulhosn, J., Brecht, M., Choi, K. R., & Pike, N. A. (2023) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.11.011 · Cited by 8
Huang, X., Qu, Q., & Ren, D. (2021) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-021-01554-4 · Cited by 8
Wu, S. Z., Nolan-Kenney, R., Moehringer, N. J., Hasanaj, L., Joseph, B., Clayton, A. M., Rucker, J. C., Galetta, S. L., Wısnıewskı, T., Masurkar, A. V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000001228 · Cited by 10
“Depressive symptoms are frequently observed in AD dementia and in MCI (40–42), and can impair concentration, attention, memory, and processing speed (43); all of these are needed to accurately perform RAN.”
BackgroundComorbidity patterns in institutionalized older adults affected by dementia
Zazzara, M. B., Vetrano, D. L., Carfì, A., Liperoti, R., Damiano, C., & Onder, G. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12320 · Cited by 8
Gao, H., Xia, Q., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Yan, J., Gao, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Wang, K., Li, C., et al. (2023) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2022-100895 · Cited by 8
Zeng, N., Li, C., Mei, H., Wu, S., Liu, C., Wang, X., Shi, J., Lü, L., & Bao, Y. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14060593 · Cited by 7
“According to previous studies, adults with sarcopenia and depressive symptoms had lower cognitive performance [24,25] and physical activity levels [26,27] and higher risk of falls [28,29] than those without these conditions.”
ResultZarazúa, S., Vicente-Martínez, J. G., Pinos‐Rodríguez, J. M., & Arévalo-Villalobos, J. I. (2024) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.14089 · Cited by 7
Arpacı, R., & Tanrıverdi, D. (2024) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001813 · Cited by 7
Rethinking the role of trazodone in the different depressive dimensions
Berardelli, I., Amerio, A., Bartoli, F., Cuomo, A., Deste, G., Orsolini, L., Sampogna, G., & Pompili, M. (2024) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2363843 · Cited by 9
“Evidence regarding the beneficial effects of antidepressants on cognitive function is debated [66].”
BackgroundTargeting TNIP1 as a new therapeutic avenue for major depressive disorder
Hung, Y.-Y., Tsai, C.-Y., Lee, C.-T., Fu, H., Chou, C., Yang, Y.-C., Chen, J., & Kang, H. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.02.015 · Cited by 7
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental illness that re-sults in disabilities in numerous aspects of psychosocial functioning (Culpepper et al., 2017).”
Neurocognitive outcomes of HIV-associated tuberculous meningitis
Quinn, C. M., Kasibante, J., Namudde, A., Bangdiwala, A. S., Kabahubya, M., Nakasujja, N., Lofgren, S. M., Elliott, A. M., Boulware, D. R., Meya, D. B., et al. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16967.1 · Cited by 7
Depression in multiple system atrophy: Views on pathological, clinical and imaging aspects
Lv, Q., Pan, Y., Chen, X., Wei, J., Wang, W., Zhang, H., Wan, J., Li, S., Zhuang, Y., Yang, B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.980371 · Cited by 7
Yuan, Q., Wang, L., Zhu, X., Wu, Z., He, S., Zhang, H., & Lin, D. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121026 · Cited by 6
Zhu, Q., Lang, X., & Zhang, X. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.635 · Cited by 7
Lähde, N., Basnyat, P., Raitanen, J. A., Kämppi, L., Lehtimäki, K. A., Rosti-Otajärvi, E. M., & Peltola, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1349201 · Cited by 9
Neurocognitive Changes in Patients with Post-COVID Depression
Khodanovich, M. Y., Naumova, A. V., Kamaeva, D. A., Obukhovskaya, V. B., Vasilieva, S., Schastnyy, E. D., Kataeva, N., Levina, A., Kudabaeva, M., Pashkevich, V., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13051442 · Cited by 6
“Numerous studies have reported cognitive impairment in patients with MDD, including deficits in executive function, processing speed, memory, and attention (reviewed by [49–52]).”
BackgroundMethodOu, A., Wu, G. W. Y., Kassel, M. T., Mackin, R. S., Rampersaud, R., Reus, V. I., Mellon, S. H., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.115 · Cited by 6
Cognitive outcome measures for tracking Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome
Fleming, V., Hom, C. L., Clare, I. C. H., Hurd-Thomas, S. L., Krinsky‐McHale, S. J., Handen, B. L., & Hartley, S. L. (2022) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2022.05.006 · Cited by 8
Pupier, É., Santos, A., Etchamendy, N., Lavielle, A., Ferriere, A., Marighetto, A., Resmini, E., Cota, D., Webb, S., & Tabarin, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.934347 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Culpepper, L., Lam, R. W., & McIntyre, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2017-12-27
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1383-1394
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2776397410
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 5.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- cognitive impairment, major depressive disorder, cognitive screening, antidepressants, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical activity, functional recovery, treatment selection
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Cognitive Dysfunction
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