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Risperidone, but Not Olanzapine, Decreases Bone Mineral Density in Female Premenopausal Schizophrenia Patients
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The hyperprolactinemia induced by conventional antipsychotics often leads to osteoporosis. The commonly used atypical antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine vary in their hyperprolactinemic properties. Therefore, we compared hormone profiles and bone properties in female premenopausal schizophrenia patients treated with either risperidone or olanzapine. METHOD: In a cross-sectional study, consecutive premenopausal, female, DSM-IV schizophrenia patients who were treated with either risperidone (N = 12) or olanzapine (N = 14) for at least 2 years were included. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry evaluated bone mineral density, and multisite quantitative ultrasound measured bone speed of sound. In addition, profiles of urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline and circulating levels of hormones and lipids were assessed. RESULTS: Serum prolactin levels were higher in the risperidone-treated group as compared with the olanzapine subjects (123 +/- 144 and 25.9 +/- 25.7, p <.05). Whereas bone mineral density was similar in the treatment groups, bone speed of sound was lower in the risperidone group as compared with the olanzapine-treated group. Expressed as age-adjusted Z score, bone speed of sound at the radius was -0.31 and 0.58, respectively, p <.05, and at the phalanx, -1.41 and 0.04, respectively, p <.05. The bone speed of sound in the risperidone-treated patients inversely correlated with urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion (r = 0.73, p <.05). CONCLUSION: Risperidone treatment, as opposed to olanzapine, for female premenopausal schizophrenia results in hyperprolactinemia and clinically relevant decrease in bone mineral density. The calculated relative risk for fragility fracture of women treated with risperidone as compared to those treated with olanzapine is 1.78 when bone speed of sound was measured at the phalanx and 1.23 when measured at the radius.
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“Some studies (490-493) found a relationship between the use of prolactin-raising medication and low BMD in patients with chronic schizophrenia, while others (474,489,494-498) failed to find a relationship between prolactin, AP and osteoporosis.”
From Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care (2011) · cites this paper as [495]
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DE HERT, M., CORRELL, C. U., BOBES, J., CETKOVICH‐BAKMAS, M., COHEN, D., ASAI, I., DETRAUX, J., GAUTAM, S., MÖLLER, H., NDETEI, D. M., et al. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00014.x · Cited by 2,488
“Some studies (490493) found a relationship between the use of prolactin-raising medication and low BMD in patients with chronic schizophrenia, while others (474,489,494-498) failed to find a relationship between prolactin, AP and osteoporosis.”
BackgroundAntipsychotic Drugs: A New Risk Factor for Osteoporosis in Young Women With Schizophrenia?
O'Keane, V., & Meaney, A. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000150223.31007.e0 · Cited by 307
Medication-Induced Hyperprolactinemia
Molitch, M. E. (2005) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/80.8.1050 · Cited by 251
Gender Differences in the Prescribing of Antipsychotic Drugs
Seeman, M. V. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1324 · Cited by 237
“Women taking drugs that raise prolactin levels show decreased bone mineral density relative to women treated with drugs less prone to increase prolactin (105, 106).”
Molitch, M. E. (2008) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0106-6 · Cited by 160
“In children and adolescents, in one study the substantial PRL elevation seen with risperidone decreased to levels within the normal range but still significantly elevated compared to baseline [21], but in other studies PRL levels remained elevated for years [ 20 , 23].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFracture Risk From Psychotropic Medications: A Population-Based Analysis
Bolton, J. M., Metge, C., Lix, L., Prior, H., Sareen, J., & Leslie, W. D. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31817d5943 · Cited by 158
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“An association between risperidone and reduced bone mineral density in women with schizophrenia has also been reported.(61) Although a direct relationship between prolactinelevating antipsychotic agents and osteoporosis remains controversial,(62,63) bone density screening in postmenopausal women and older men should b…”
BackgroundA review of the association between antipsychotic use and hyperprolactinaemia
Bushe, C., Shaw, M., & Peveler, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107088435 · Cited by 148
“In three studies that have found bone mineral density loss have mean cohort prolactin values of 908–3024 mIU/L (~43–142 ng/ml) with treatment with typical antipsychotics or risperidone for between 8–21 years (Meaney et al., 2004; O’Keane and Meaney 2005; Becker et al., 2003).”
Gender Differences in the Prescribing of Antipsychotic Drugs
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Prevalence of Hyperprolactinemia in Schizophrenia
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O'Keane, V. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107088439 · Cited by 126
“Becker et al. (2003) reported that subjects exposed for two years to risperidone had higher prolactin levels and reduced bone speed of sound at the radius and phalanx, compared with those exposed to olanzapine for a sim- ilar period.”
BackgroundOsteoporosis in Patients With Schizophrenia
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Osteoporosis and fracture risk in people with schizophrenia
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Antipsychotic Use and the Risk of Hip Fracture Among Older Adults Afflicted With Dementia
Jalbert, J. J., Eaton, C. B., Miller, S. C., & Lapane, K. L. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2009.10.001 · Cited by 105
Bone mass in schizophrenia and normal populations across different decades of life
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“Classic neuroleptics were reported to cause hyperprolactinemia and an increased prevalence of osteoporosis than atypical neuroleptics [36,37,41,42].”
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Antipsychotics and hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, consequences and management
Holt, R. I. G., & Peveler, R. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03814.x · Cited by 92
Bushe, C., & Shaw, M. (2007) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107078281 · Cited by 91
“Reduced bone mineral density has been found in schizophrenia patients taking prolactin-raising antipsychotics (risperidone, typicals) (Becker et al., 2003; Meaney and O’Keane, 2003; Meaney et al., 2004; Hummer et al., 2005; O’Keane and Meaney, 2005) and the plausible mechanism that has been…”
BackgroundKelly, D. L., Conley, R. R., & Carpenter, W. T. (2005) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200565080-00006 · Cited by 86
Antipsychotic use and the risk of hip/femur fracture: a population-based case–control study
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“[105] 26 premenopausal female patients with schizophrenia (mean age: 38) Treatment with RIS (n = 12) or OLZ (n = 14) for at least 2 years.”
MethodRisk of hip/femur fractures in patients using antipsychotics
Hugenholtz, G. W. K., Heerdink, E. R., van Staa, T. P., Nolen, W. A., & Egberts, A. C. G. (2005) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2005.07.005 · Cited by 77
“Which is probably caused by the effect of antipsychotics on decreasing bone mineralization, leading to weaker bones [3,5,12,21,25,39].”
BackgroundManagement of Schizophrenia with Obesity, Metabolic, and Endocrinological Disorders
Monteleone, P., Martiadis, V., & Maj, M. (2009) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.08.003 · Cited by 70
“may induce bone mineral density loss, which may predispose patients to osteoporosis.(93,94) This is a serious issue in persons with schizophrenia, because they tend to have other risk factors for osteoporosis, such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking, poor nutrition, and pathologic water drinking.”
BackgroundRisk of osteoporosis and fracture incidence in patients on antipsychotic medication
Graham, S. M., Howgate, D. J., Anderson, W. C., Howes, C., Heliotis, M., Mantalaris, A., Tsiridis, E. E., & Tsapakis, E.-M. (2011) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2011.560112 · Cited by 57
“, 2003, investigated 26 premenopausal female patients with schizophrenia who had been treated with either risperidone (n = 12) or olanzapine (n = 14) for at least 2 years [41].”
BackgroundCrews, M., & Howes, O. D. (2012) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.1265 · Cited by 57
“The authors of the remaining study (Becker et al., 2003) also found no difference in BMD between the two groups when BMD was measured using DEXA, although they did report a statistically significant difference in BMD reduction between their risperidone (prolactin-raising) and olanzapine…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBone Mineral Density in Schizophrenia
Tseng, P., Chen, Y., Yeh, P., Tu, K.-Y., Cheng, Y., & Wu, C.-K. (2015) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000001967 · Cited by 55
The Management of Individuals with Bipolar Disorder
Malhi, G. S., Adams, D., Cahill, C. M., Dodd, S., & Berk, M. (2009) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/11318850-000000000-00000 · Cited by 54
Doknić, M., Marić, N. P., Britvić, D., Pekić, S., Damjanović, A., Miljić, D., Stojanović, M. D. M., Radojicic, Z. A., Gašić, M. J., & POPOVIC, V. M. (2011) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000329391 · Cited by 52
Skeletal Status in Psychotic Disorders: A Population-Based Study
Partti, K., Heliövaara, M., Impivaara, O., Perälä, J., Saarni, S. I., Lönnqvist, J. K., & Suvisaari, J. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181f7abd3 · Cited by 52
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“At afirst glance, hyperprolactinemiawould be anothermechanismof bone loss secondary to risperidone, which is a dopamine receptor antagonist [11,12].”
BackgroundMenstrual Cycle Dysfunction Associated with Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders
Joffe, H., & Hayes, F. J. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1429.030 · Cited by 50
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Osteoporosis, Schizophrenia and Antipsychotics
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Kelly, D. L., Wehring, H. J., Earl, A. K., Sullivan, K. M., Dickerson, F., Feldman, S. M., McMahon, R. P., Buchanan, R. W., Warfel, D. T., Keller, W. R., et al. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-214 · Cited by 45
“Other recent evidence suggests that having amenorrhea or using prolactin elevating antipsychotic drugs are associated with a higher risk for osteoporosis and fracture [79-82].”
BackgroundBushe, C., Yeomans, D., Floyd, T., & Smith, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107088436 · Cited by 45
“The relationship between prolactin and bone mineral density (BMD) loss and osteoporosis has been recognised as a putative link for some time, but has been a difficult area in which to arrive at definitive conclusions (Becker et al., 2003; Hummer et al., 2005; Halbreich et al., 2003).”
BackgroundPropranolol Attenuates Risperidone-Induced Trabecular Bone Loss in Female Mice
Motyl, K. J., DeMambro, V., Barlow, D. J., Olshan, D. S., Nagano, K., Baron, R., Rosen, C. J., & Houseknecht, K. L. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1099 · Cited by 39
“The dopamine receptor antagonist activity of RIS can induce clinical hyperprolactinemia, which leads to hypothalamic hypogonadism and could explain bone loss (9, 10, 13, 27).”
BackgroundPossible mechanisms for the skeletal effects of antipsychotics in children and adolescents
Calarge, C. A., Ivins, S. D., Motyl, K. J., Shibli-Rahhal, A. A., Bliziotes, M. M., & Schlechte, J. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125313487548 · Cited by 39
“This is of significance in light of accumulating evidence in adults implicating APs in suboptimal bone mineral density (BMD) [Bilici et al. 2002; Abraham et al. 2003; Becker et al. 2003; Meaney et al. 2004; Howes et al. 2005; Jung et al. 2006; Meaney and O’Keane, 2007; Kishimoto et al. 2008].”
BackgroundHigh bone turnover but normal bone mineral density in women suffering from schizophrenia
Bergemann, N., Parzer, P., Mundt, C., & Auler, B. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170800319x · Cited by 37
“Several clinical trials have addressed this issue since that time (Keely et al. 1997 ; Abraham et al. 2002, 2003 ; Bilici et al. 2002 ; Becker et al. 2003 ; Meaney & O’Keane, 2003, 2007 ; Meaney et al. 2004 ; Maric et al. 2005 ; O’Keane & Meaney, 2005).”
BackgroundResultTakahashi, T., Uchida, H., John, M., Hirano, J., Watanabe, K., Mimura, M., Correll, C. U., & Kishimoto, T. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.015 · Cited by 34
“However since then, a growing number of reports have focused on this topic (Abraham et al., 2003a; Becker et al., 2003; Howes et al., 2005; Lehman and Meyer, 2005), and a majority of them reported lower BMD in this population compared to healthy controls (Kishimoto et al., 2005; Renn et al., 2009;…”
Bone Mineral Density in Male Schizophrenia Patients: A Review
Meyer, J. M., & Lehman, D. (2006) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10401230500464687 · Cited by 29
Javaid, M. K., & Holt, R. I. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107087955 · Cited by 28
“In cross sectional studies comparing those prescribed olanzapine with those receiving typical prolactin-raising medication, those prescribed olanzipine had lower prolactin concentrations, had higher BMD and were less likely to have menstrual abnormalities (O’Keane and Meaney, 2005; Becker et al., 2003).”
ResultSecond-generation antipsychotics and bone turnover in schizophrenia
Okita, K., Kanahara, N., Nishimura, M., Yoshida, T., Yasui‐Furukori, N., Niitsu, T., Yoshida, T., Ishikawa, M., Kimura, H., Nomura, F., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.009 · Cited by 27
“Several studies examining the relationship between given antipsychotics and the loss of BMD in patients with schizophrenia reported controversial results: some groups observed a meaningful relationship (O'Keane and Meaney, 2005; Meaney and O'Keane, 2007), but others reported the lack of such a relationship (Abraham et…”
ResultConforti, A., Chiamulera, C., Moretti, U., Colcera, S., Fumagalli, G. F., & Leone, R. (2007) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/157488607779315516 · Cited by 26
“This effect is most likely due to persistent risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia [161].”
BackgroundAntipsychotic-induced bone loss: the role of dopamine, serotonin and adrenergic receptor signalling
Weerasinghe, D. K., Hodge, J. M., Pasco, J. A., Samarasinghe, R. M., Manavi, B. A., & Williams, L. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1184550 · Cited by 28
Serum Prolactin and Bone Mineral Density in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Lally, J., Sahl, A. B., Murphy, K. C., Gaughran, F., & Stubbs, B. (2019) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2019.17.3.333 · Cited by 24
Management of Hyperprolactinemia in Patients Receiving Antipsychotics
Miller, K. K. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900002340 · Cited by 24
Clozapine protects bone mineral density in female patients with schizophrenia
Lin, C., Huang, K.-H., Chang, Y., Huang, Y., Hsu, W.-C., Lin, C.-Y., Chou, F. H., Tsai, G. E., & Lane, H. (2011) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145711001507 · Cited by 22
“inconclusive (Abraham et al. 2003; Becker et al. 2003; Meaney & O’Keane, 2007 ; O’Keane & Meaney, 2005 ; Wyszogrodzka-Kucharska & Rabe-Jablonska, 2005b).”
Chronic Psychosocial Stress Impairs Bone Homeostasis: A Study in the Social Isolation Reared Rat
Schiavone, S., Morgese, M. G., Mhillaj, E., Bové, M., Giorgi, A. D., Cantatore, F. P., Camerino, C., Tucci, P., Maffulli, N., Cuomo, V., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00152 · Cited by 19
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“Bone mineral density loss has been reported with long-term treatment (8–21 years) with risperidone and consequently raised prolactin levels of between 43 and 142 ng/mL [41, 44, 129].”
BackgroundRenn, J.-H., Yang, N.-P., & Chou, P. (2010) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-35 · Cited by 17
“Nevertheless, the adjusted bone speed of sound was significantly lower in the hyperprolactinemia group at the radius and phalanx [33].”
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“Some have further investigated duration of use, finding chronic use to be related with reduced bone mineralization (3, 7, 8, 31).”
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“Such effect is presumably associated with the hyperprolactinemic effect of these atypical antipsychotics, which is high in risperidone and low in olanzapine [23].”
BackgroundBipolar depression: the role of atypical antipsychotics
Post, R. M., & Calabrese, J. R. (2004) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.4.6.s27 · Cited by 14
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“In addition, Risperidone is known to contribute to BMD reduction in female patients with premenopausal schizophrenia (Becker et al. 2003).”
BackgroundFactors associated with decreased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia
Liang, Y., Huang, J. V., Tian, J., Cao, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, C., Cao, Y., & Li, J. (2016) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s100274 · Cited by 13
“6,7 However, other studies have obtained the opposite result, 8 which implies that there might be some other factors that affect the BMD of patients with schizophrenia.”
Gynecologic and Reproductive Health Concerns of Adolescents Using Selected Psychotropic Medications
Talib, H. J., & Alderman, E. M. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2012.05.011 · Cited by 12
Clinical effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with psychosis
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“However, because we did not observe a significant risk of osteoporosis in the non-SUD psychotic disorders group, this may suggest that comorbid substance use plays a significant role and may partially explain the higher rates of bone loss seen in other studies where substance use was not reported [12, 16, 33].”
ResultLiang, Y., Su, Y.-A., Zhao, Z.-G., Gao, N., Huang, J.-Z., Tang, M.-Q., Li, K.-Q., Yang, F.-D., Yu, X., & Si, T.-M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000379 · Cited by 6
Lambert, T. L., Farmer, K. C., & Brahm, N. C. (2012) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.4366 · Cited by 6
Early onset schizophrenia: diagnostic dilemmas and treatment challenges
Shannon, J. C., & McClellan, J. (2004) · Therapy · doi:10.2217/14750708.1.1.131 · Cited by 8
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, K., Xu, W., Teng, C., Wang, S., Tang, W., & Zhu, X. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11332 · Cited by 5
“Early studies of patients treated with risperidone found high PRL levels to be associated with low BMD values (Becker et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSpezielle Aspekte der pharmakotherapeutischen Behandlung forensisch untergebrachter Patientinnen
Singer, M., & Eckermann, G. (2023) · Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie · doi:10.1007/s11757-023-00762-y · Cited by 7
“…(Oligomenorrhö, Amenorrhö) sowie Brustspannungsschmerzen und Milchfluss betroffen sein können, und langfristig wie auch bei Männern das Risiko für Osteoporose aufgrund reduzierter Knochenmineraldichte steigt (O’Keane und Meaney 2005; Becker et al. 2003; Aichhorn et al. 2007; Hummer et al. 2005).”
BackgroundAntipsychotika und Hyperprolaktinämie: Pathophysiologie, klinische Bedeutung, Abklärung und Therapie
Riecher‐Rössler, A., Schmid, C., Bleuer, S., & Birkhäuser, M. (2009) · Gynäkologische Endokrinologie · doi:10.1007/s10304-009-0316-7 · Cited by 5
Disha-Ibrahimi, S., Furlani, B., Drevenšek, G., Hudoklin, S., Marc, J., Žitnik, I. P., Sajovic, J., & Drevenšek, M. (2022) · Biomolecules and Biomedicine · doi:10.17305/bjbms.2022.7523 · Cited by 4
“The prolactin-sparing activity of olanzapine is favored due to the minimal loss of BMD [8,11].”
BackgroundInfluentialLanglais, A. L., Mountain, R. V., Kunst, R. F., Barlow, D. J., Houseknecht, K. L., & Motyl, K. J. (2023) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.002 · Cited by 4
Atypical antipsychotic drugs inhibit trabecular bone accrual in C57BL/6J mice.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Becker, D., Liver, O., Mester, R., Rapoport, M., Weizman, A., & Weiss, M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2003-07-15
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 761-766
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071226732
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
- Keywords
- risperidone, olanzapine, schizophrenia, bone mineral density, hyperprolactinemia, atypical antipsychotics, osteoporosis, bone speed of sound, deoxypyridinoline, fragility fracture risk, prolactin
- MeSH terms
- Olanzapine, Adolescent, Adult, Benzodiazepines, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis, Pirenzepine, Prolactin, Schizophrenia, Serotonin Antagonists, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Premenopause, Risperidone
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