Reviewing history in apocalyptic literature as ideological strategy

May combine two claims.

The different employments of historical summaries in Daniel and Enoch reflect their basic difference as non-resistant apocalypticism understanding social change as exclusively God's work against activistic apocalypticism which acknowledges that social change must originate with God but must be advanced by military action.

“The different employments of historical summaries in Daniel and Enoch reflect their basic difference as non-resistant apocalypticism understanding social change as exclusively God's work against activistic apocalypticism which acknowledges that social change must originate with God, but must be advanced by military action (cf Reid 1989:133;Venter 1997:88-90).”

• cites Reid 1989:133Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Venter 1997:88-90 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Human history in the Animal Vision is divided into three major eras: from creation to the flood; from the renewal of creation to the great judgment; and second renewal unto a new future.

“Human history is divided into three major eras in this second dream vision:”

• Also stated in: § • · plain

  “From the creation to the flood (85:3-89:8); • From the renewal of the creation to the great judgment (89:9-90:27); • Second renewal unto a new future (90:28-38) (cf Nickelsburg 2001:354).”

• cites Nickelsburg 2001:354Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The destroying kingdom represented by the rock from the mountain will never be destroyed and will endure forever (Dn 2:44).

“The destroying kingdom represented by the rock from the mountain will, however, never be destroyed and will endure forever (Dn 2:44).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Daniel 7 the four beasts are linked to four kingdoms that will rise from the earth, but none of the four kingdoms is linked to any specific historical realm, and the revelation is focused on the fourth kingdom.

“In Daniel 7 none of the four kingdoms is linked to any specific historical realm, but the revelation is focused on the fourth kingdom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Daniel 7 the fourth beast is the worst; he is different from the former three and has ten horns with another horn coming up between them speaking boastfully while three of the horns are uprooted.

“The fourth beast is the worst.He is different from the former three and has ten horns with another horn coming up between them speaking boastfully while three of the horns are uprooted.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Daniel 7 uses a summary of history in the form of four symbolic animals indicating four successive kingdoms and the kings of especially the fourth empire to give hope to the persecuted Jews.

“It uses a summary of history presented in the form of four symbolic animals indicating four successive kingdoms and the kings of especially the fourth empire.”

• Also stated in: § 2.2 · plain

  “All of this is used to give hope to the persecuted Jews (cf Collins 1993:324).”

• cites Collins 1993:324Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Changing the history into an allegory of contrasting animals could have been a technique to promote cult purity among the insider recipient group.

“Changing the history into an allegory of contrasting animals (bulls-cows/sheep against wild beasts) could have been also a technique to promote cult purity among the insider recipient group.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Daniel 7 a theology of history is formulated in terms of animal symbols and four consecutive eras.

“In Daniel 7 a theology of history is formulated in terms of animal symbols and four consecutive eras.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58, spatial specifications are exchanged for generic-symbolic names.

“Spatial specifications are exchanged for generic-symbolic names like the earth, the heaven, a tower, an abyss, a high roof and seven sluices, a lofty chamber, a river of much water, a swamp of much waters, the summit of a rock, a desert et cetera.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jubilees presents Genesis to Exodus 24 as revelation given to Moses regarding the circumstances of the author of Jubilees during the second century BCE.

“Jubilees as “Rewritten Bible” (VanderKam 2001:93-4, 137-8) presents Genesis to Exodus 24 as revelation given to Moses regarding the circumstances of the author of Jubilees during the second century BCE”

• cites VanderKam 2001:93-4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites VanderKam 2001:137-8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Venter 2003a:981-8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author(s) depict the sheep according to visual ability as either blind, dim sighted, or with eyes opened.

“The author(s) also depict the “sheep” according to visual ability as either being blind, dim sighted or with eyes opened.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The biblically based history in 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 uses theriomorphic allegory to present Israel's history.

“This biblically based history uses theriomorphic allegory to present Israel's history.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The most obvious change to the biblical tradition in 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 is the deletion of all personal names and geographical identification.

“The most obvious change to the biblical tradition is the deletion of all personal names and geographical identification.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58, personal names are replaced with animal categories.

“Personal names are replaced with animal categories.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The four kingdoms in Daniel 2 represent a sequential history that will end when God sends a stone hewn from a mountain to destroy the whole statue.

“These kingdoms represent a sequential history that will end when God sends a stone hewn from a mountain to destroy the whole statue.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To whichever historical persons and kingdoms the four-scheme historical review is linked, the message remains that God will bring these kingdoms to an end.

“To whichever historical persons and kingdoms the four scheme historical review is linked, the message still remains: God will bring these kingdoms to an end.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The overarching plot of the Animal Vision is the story of humanity with its ongoing presence of sin in the form of either violence or apostasy; violence hails exclusively from the gentiles, while Israel is symbolised by bulls, cows and sheep and is always the victim of the violence of the nations.

“The overarching plot of this second vision is the story of humanity with its ongoing presence of sin in the form of either violence or apostasy.The violence hails exclusively from the gentiles.”

• Also stated in: § • · plain

  “Israel on the other hand is symbolised by bulls and cows and sheep.They are not guilty of violence but always the victims of the violence of the nations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The faithful can only wait with patience for God to bring history to its finalisation.

“The faithful can only wait with patience for God to bring history to its finalisation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Daniel and the later Enoch material God controls all of history and decides upon kings and kingdoms.

“In Daniel and the later Enoch material God controls all of history.He decides upon kings and kingdoms.”

May combine two claims.

When historical reviews are found in literary documents they reflect the author(s)'s view of the past and contribute to the author's ideology expressed in the document.

“When historical reviews are found in these literary documents they reflect the author(s)'s view of the past and contribute to the author's ideology expressed in the document.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The traditional biblical material in 1 Enoch is restructured according to a scheme of sin, punishment, repentance, and restoration.

“According to Nickelsburg (2001:359) the traditional material from the Bible is restructured according to a “scheme of sin, punishment, repentance, and restoration.””

• cites Nickelsburg 2001:359Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The periodisation of history into a sequence of empires in the two Daniel visions is used again in the Animal Vision, but complemented with a review of Israel's history according to the biblical traditions and an overview of all human history.

“The periodisation of history into a sequence of empires in the two Daniel visions is used again, but complemented here with a review of Israel's history a lá the biblical traditions and an overview of all of human history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In both Daniel 2 and 7 symbolic historical reviews are used to proclaim God's total sovereignty over kings and kingdoms.

“In both Daniel 2 and 7 symbolic historical reviews are therefore used to proclaim God's total sovereignty over kings and kingdoms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The actors in events in 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 are bulls, cows and sheep ravaged by different types of wild animals.

“The actors in events are bulls, cows and sheep that are ravaged by different types of wild animals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Similarities between the Jubilee group and the CD group in their use of traditional biblical history patterns can indicate similar reform movements in Judah during the second century BCE.

“The similarities with the Jubilee group and the group responsible for the Damascus Document with regard to the use of traditional history patterns from the Bible can indicate similar reform movements in Judah during the second century BCE.”

May combine two claims.

The author(s) of CD used historical reviews to advance their theology on the remnant, warn newly initiated group members to observe God's laws, and propagate the superiority of their form of Judaism.

“advanced his/their theology on the “remnant”, warn those newly initiated in the group to observe God's laws and propagate the superiority of his/their form of Judaism”

• cites Venter 2003b:618-621Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1 Enoch's traditional history, the linear historical view in Deuteronomy is replaced by an eschatological dichotomy where final restoration is a reversion to creation and a restoration of the integrity of the whole human race.

“the linear historical view in Deuteronomy is replaced by an eschatological dichotomy where the final restoration is interpreted as a reversion back to creation and a restoration of the integrity of the whole human race”

• cites Nickelsburg 2001:359Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nickelsburg 2001:398-400Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The author(s) of Daniel utilised the four-scheme review of history to proclaim that God has power over all of the consecutive kingdoms and can bring them to an end.

“In this case the author(s) of Daniel utilised this four-scheme review of history to proclaim that God has power over all of the consecutive kingdoms and can bring them to an end.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Reviews of history are ideological constructions.

“Reviews of history are ideological constructions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Daniel 7 has a similar theme as Daniel 2: God's power will prevail over all earthly kingdoms and replace them by his eternal sovereignty.

“Daniel 7 has a similar theme as Daniel 2. God's power will prevail all earthly kingdoms and replace them by his eternal sovereignty.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Daniel 7 it is not the specific kings or kingdoms indicated which are of primary importance, but rather the ideological pattern recognised in history that takes central stage.

“It seems as if it is not the specific kings or kingdoms indicated which are of primary importance, but rather the ideological pattern recognised in history that takes central stage.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The narrative's ideology in Daniel 2 depicts the nations as subjected to God's power in two ways: nations are pictured as kingdoms symbolised by different metals, and these kingdoms are linked as four successive kingdoms.

“The narrative's ideology on the nations as subjected to God's power is depicted in two ways.Firstly the nations are pictured as kingdoms symbolised by different metals.”

• Also stated in: § 2.1 Daniel 2 · plain

  “Secondly, these kingdoms are linked to each other as four successive kingdoms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Daniel 7 the historical review is used to proclaim God's total sovereignty over kings and kingdoms.

“This review is used to proclaim God's total sovereignty over kings and kingdoms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The history of Israel in 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 shows a pattern of dichotomy between good and evil, pure and impure, being faithful and going astray.

“The history of Israel shows a pattern of dichotomy between good and evil, pure and impure, being faithful and going astray.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

They expressed their views on the chaotic influence of evil in their time inter alia by reviews of Israel's history.

“who expressed their views on the chaotic influence of evil in their time inter alia by reviews of Israel's history.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The second dream vision includes the traditional history of Israel and the era of the seventy shepherds, and its history moved in ever widening circles to include the wild beasts of the world.

“The second dream vision (1 Enoch 85:1-90:42) includes the traditional history of Israel (1 Enoch 85:3-89:58) as well as the era of the seventy shepherds appointed to rule Israel (1 Enoch 89:59-90:19).This history moved in ever widening circles to include the wild beasts of the world as well.”

May combine two claims.

The violence and oppression in the Animal Vision is not only restricted to Israel as God's punishment but also includes the entire humanity, and Israel's history is evaluated within a universal framework.

“The violence and oppression is not only restricted to Israel as God's punishment for their blindness and unwillingness to obey his torah, but also includes the entire humanity in whose history excessive violence occurs against Israel and is castigated by God when he allows Israel to take revenge.Israel's history therefore is seen and evaluated within a universal framework.”

May combine two claims.

If the ram with a horn refers to Judas Maccabeus, the author(s)/group interpret current events according to their ideology and claim to understand the eschatological character of their time and hidden divine activity.

“If this indeed refers to the acts of Judeas Maccabeus, it means that the author(s)/group interpret(s) current events according to their ideology and claims to understand the eschatological character of their time and to have insights into the hidden divine activity in the heavenly realm”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the Animal Vision, the time of events is described in terms of the specific shepherds who act in Israel, each pasturing in his time.

“Not only the type of events occurring, but also the time of events is henceforth described in terms of the specific shepherds who act in Israel.Each shepherd pastures “in his time” (1 Enoch 89:65).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The violence done to the sheep will peak towards the end of Israel's history, in a time of military action by a figure depicted as a ram with a horn.

“The violence done to the sheep will peak towards the end of Israel's history.This will happen in a time of military action by a figure depicted as a ram with a horn.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The time of the seventy shepherds and the oppression of the sheep has come to a final end, and a radical change in history is going to take place.

“The time of the seventy shepherds as well as the oppression of the sheep has come to a final end.A radical change in history is going to take place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Animal Vision was probably intended to rewrite the Apocalypse of Weeks and to clarify its timetable to make clear that the end will come in the near future.

“While the Animal Vision was probably intended to rewrite the Apocalypse of Weeks and to clarify its timetable to make clear that the end will come in the near future”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This revelation is either a disclosure of a new torah or new insight into the old existing torah, and is closely related to the sanctuary and the cult.

“This revelation is either a disclosure of a new torah or new insight into the old existing torah.It is closely related to the sanctuary and the cult (cf Nickelsburg 2001:361).”

• cites Nickelsburg 2001:361Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

When the Animal Apocalypse is compared to the Hebrew Daniel, the purpose of the revelation of the author(s) of Enoch becomes clear.

“When the Animal Apocalypse is compared to the Hebrew Daniel the purpose of the revelation of the author(s) of Enoch becomes clear.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The author(s) are of persuasion that this revelation started a chain of events that will lead to the final judgment, and God will finally reward and punish his people's torah-related conduct.

“However, they are of persuasion that this revelation started a chain of events that will lead to the final judgment.God will finally reward and punish his people's torah-related conduct.”

May combine two claims.

Presenting history in this way in 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 is a technique to maintain community cohesion and warn against severe consequences for those who go astray.

“To present history in this way in this section of the vision is a technique to maintain community cohesion and warn against the severe consequences for those who go astray”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Animal Vision arranges the shepherds into four successive groups rather than dealing with them or epochs separately.

“Against Nickelburg's effort to divide events into seventy times seven units/years it should be remarked that the narrative itself does not deal with these shepherds or epochs separately, but arranges them into four successive groups.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The military activity of the Maccabees is hailed in the Animal Vision as the events which changed the fate of the people, and the Maccabees were sent by God to start the great final war.

“The military activity of the Maccabees are hailed here as the events which changed the fate of the people.The Maccabees were sent by God to start the great final war.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Animal Vision (1 Enoch 89:59-90:19), compared to 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58, the narrative space is extended into both earthly and heavenly space.

“Firstly, the space used in the narrative is extended into both earthly and heavenly space.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The purpose of the author(s) in these writings is to propagate this revelation and try to persuade others of it.

“It is their purpose with these writings to propagate this revelation and try to persuade others of it.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The biblical based historical review in 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 advocates the view that all of Israel's history is marked by cultic misdemeanour and oppression by other people as God's punishment for Israel's endless transgression.

“In summary the biblical based historical review in 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 advocates the view of the author(s) that all of Israel's history is marked by cultic misdemeanour and oppression by other people as God's punishment for Israel's endless transgression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

1 Enoch 90:6-7 articulates the idea of the author(s)/group that they are recipients of a revelation in which they experience a divinely prompted religious awakening.

“First Enoch 90:6-7 articulates the idea of the author(s)/group that they are the recipients of a revelation in which they experience a divinely prompted religious awakening.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both Daniel and Enoch end with the events of their day: Daniel with restoration of the cult, Enoch with revenge on all enemies of Israel.

“Both end with the events of their day, Daniel with restoration of the cult, Enoch with revenge on all enemies of Israel.”

May combine two claims.

In Daniel, profanation of the cult is caused by external factors, and the animal with the horn indicates a foreign power, while in Enoch the horned animal is one of the sheep liberating the others.

“In Daniel profanation of the cult is caused by external factors which brought the evening and morning sacrifices to an end.The animal with the horn in Daniel is an indication of a foreign power (Dn 7:8,24-25; 8:9-12, 23-25), while in Enoch (90:9, 12-13) he is one of the sheep liberating the other.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the author(s)' view, history was always characterised by violence and oppression, and all through its history Israel was the victim of unjust violence.

“In their view history was always characterised by violence and oppression.All through its history Israel was the victim of unjust violence.”

May combine two claims.

From the comparison, the author(s) of the Dream Vision does not intend to regain and rededicate the temple, but to act in sympathy with the militant political movement for nationalistic religious change.

“From this comparison it becomes clear that the author(s) of the Dream Vision does not intend to regain and rededicate the temple, but to act in sympathy with the militant political movement for nationalistic religious change.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

They urge their followers to be tolerant and keep themselves ready for the final event when God will break into history with his eternal kingdom.

“They urge their followers to be tolerant and keep themselves ready for the final event when God will break into history with his eternal kingdom.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The seventy times have now come to an end and the foreign kings are going to be punished for what they did.

“The “seventy times” have now come to an end and these kings are going to be punished for what they did.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While Daniel explains his animal symbols, those of Enoch are intended to be self-explicatory.

“While Daniel explains his animal symbols, those of Enoch are intended to be selfexplicatory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Animal Vision, God abandons the sheep, their house and their tower, withdraws to heaven, and becomes silent while his people are devoured.

“God, however, abandons the sheep, their house and their tower (1 Enoch 89: 54, 55, 56, 58).He withdraws to heaven and although he sees his people on earth devoured by the wild animals he becomes silent.”

May combine two claims.

Both Daniel and Enoch see the end of the four major periods of history in accordance with a four-kingdom scene documented in Daniel 2 and 7 and indicated as 490 years after Manasseh's sin.

“both see the end of the four major periods of history in accordance with a fourkingdom scene, documented in Daniel 2 and 7 and indicated, according to Nickelsburg's (2001:392-393) theory, as 490 years after Manasseh's sin in accord with the tradition that is attested later in Daniel 9.”

• cites Nickelsburg 2001:392-393Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although Israel was punished for apostasy, the foreign kings went beyond the limits set by God by oppressing Israel.

“Although Israel was punished for his apostasy (the shepherds were allowed to punish them), the foreign kings went beyond the limits set by God by oppressing Israel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the summary of 1 Enoch 89:59-90:19, God is in heaven summoning people and angels to his courtroom, and an angelic scribe writes down what happens on earth and reports it to God.

“In the summary of 1 Enoch 89:59-90:19 he is in heaven summoning people and angels to his courtroom.The angelic scribe appointed by him has to write down in a book what happens on earth and to report it to God in heaven.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the Animal Vision, the shepherds become the criterion for all events, and their acts recorded in the angel's book will decide God's judgement in the end.

“These shepherds, however, become the criterion for all events.God has withdrawn to heaven and everything happening with the sheep is now left to the decisions of these shepherds.Their acts recorded in the angel's book will decide God's judgement in the end.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Daniel's scope in chapters 2 and 7 is restricted to four kingdoms on earth, while in Enoch all of humanity is included.

“Daniel's scope in chapters 2 and 7 is restricted to four kingdoms on earth.In Enoch all of humanity is included.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As victim of superfluous oppression, Israel had the right to overpower their oppressors, as in the book of Esther and the Maccabean revolt.

“As victim of superfluous oppression Israel had the right to overpower their oppressors as it happened in the book of Esther and as it occurred in the Maccabean revolt in their days.”

May combine two claims.

Militancy is a significant component of their ideology, and they use their historic reconstruction of Israel to legitimise the actions of the Maccabees, even participating in their liberation war.

“Militancy is a significant component of their ideology (cf Nickelsburg 2001:362) and they use their historic reconstruction of Israel to legitimise the actions of the Maccabees, even participating in their liberation war.”

• cites Nickelsburg 2001:362Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the Animal Vision, God appoints seventy shepherds and their subordinates to pasture the sheep, and an angelic being to monitor them.

“God appoints seventy shepherds and their subordinates to pasture the sheep.They may destroy some of the sheep according to their discretion.God also summoned an angelic being to monitor these shepherds”

May combine two claims.

The seeing/not seeing motif from 1 Enoch 85:3-89:58 is used with greater intensity in the Animal Vision and intensifies the depth of horror the sheep face during the fourth era.

“The seeing/not seeing motif continued from the previous traditional biblical history (1 Enoch 85:3-89:58) is used with even greater intensity in this Animal Vision and intensifies the depth of the horror that the sheep face during this fourth era”