The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Healthy worker effect phenomenon
Open accessAbstract
The Healthy Worker Effect (HWE) phenomenon has been under debate since some years. Some epidemiologists regard HWE as an ordinary method problem while others consider it a field of science by itself. This article gives definitions of HWE explained with historical background; discusses factors affecting it and suggests methods to minimize problems associated with it.
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Citations
Cites
Standardized Mortality Ratios and the "Healthy Worker Effect": Scratching Beneath the Surface
McMichael, A. J. (1976) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-197603000-00009 · Cited by 770
Fox, A. J., & Collier, P. F. (1976) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.30.4.225 · Cited by 465
Observations on the Healthy Worker Effect
Monson, R. R. (1986) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-198606000-00009 · Cited by 233
An epidemiologic study of mortality within a cohort of rubber workers, 1964-72.
Aj, M., Spirtas, R., & Kupper, L. L. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 187
Doll, R., Fisher, R. E., Gammon, E. J., Gunn, W., Hughes, G. O., TYRER, F. H., & Wilson, W. (1965) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.22.1.1 · Cited by 100
What do we Expect From an Occupational Cohort
Goldsmith, J. R. (1975) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-197502000-00016 · Cited by 65
Mortality Among Rubber Workers III. Cause-Specific Mortality, 1940-1978
Delzell, E., & Monson, R. R. (1981) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-198110000-00010 · Cited by 64
Commentary: Epidemiologic Methods: Beyond Clinical Medicine, Beyond Epidemiology
Bolúmar, F., & Porta, M. S. (2004) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/b:ejep.0000036613.38682.4c · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Hall, V. J., Foulkes, S., Saei, A., Andrews, N., Oguti, B., Charlett, A., Wellington, E., Stowe, J., Gillson, N., Atti, A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00790-x · Cited by 767
COVID-19 and healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Gholami, M., Fawad, I., Shadan, S., Rowaiee, R., Ghanem, H., Khamis, A. H., & Ho, S. B. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.013 · Cited by 376
Aging, longevity, and healthy aging: the public health approach
Gianfredi, V., Nucci, D., Pennisi, F., Maggi, S., Veronese, N., & Soysal, P. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03021-8 · Cited by 447
Healthy worker effect phenomenon: Revisited with emphasis on statistical methods – A review
Chowdhury, R., Shah, D., & Payal, A. R. (2017) · Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_53_16 · Cited by 347
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Shah, D.
- Affiliations
- Capricorn Energy PLC (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Shah, Divyang
- Venue
- Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- Medknow
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 77
- ISSN
- 0019-5278 (ISSN-L)
- 0973-2284
- PMC
- PMC2847330
- OpenAlex
- W2064842512
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bioline International (Bioline International) (submittedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- healthy worker effect, occupational health, selection bias, bias mitigation
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