CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 119Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchTreatment of Major DepressionAging, Health, and Disability

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The complex relationship between depression and dementia

Open access
Varghese, Mathew, Muliyala, KrishnaPrasad·2010·Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
DOI 10.4103/0972-2327.74248PMC PMC3039168
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Dementia and depression are mental health problems that are commonly encountered in neuropsychiatric practice in the elderly. Approximately, half of the patients with late-onset depression have cognitive impairment. The prevalence of depression in dementias has been reported to be between 9 and 68%. Depression has been both proposed to be a risk factor for dementia as well as a prodrome of dementia. This article is a selective literature review of the complex relationship between the two conditions covering definitions, epidemiology, related concepts, treatment, and emerging biomarkers. The methodological issues and the mechanisms underlying the relationship are also highlighted. The relationship between the two disorders is far from conclusive.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4103/0972-2327.74248

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Early-life depression is a risk factor for later-life dementia.

    “Overall, there is accumulating evidence indicating two consensuses that early-life depression is a risk factor for later life dementia, and depression can be a symptom or consequence of dementia [5-8].”

    From Risk analysis of use of different classes of antidepressants on subsequent dementia: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan (2017) · cites this paper as [7]

    The “Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship” section reports that a past history of depression is associated with increased dementia risk, even when depression occurred more than 10 years before dementia onset. It does not specifically establish early-life depression as a risk factor, and it describes the risk-factor explanation as a possibility. The Abstract says the relationship remains far from conclusive, rather than a consensus. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Depression can be a symptom or consequence of dementia.

    “Overall, there is accumulating evidence indicating two consensuses that early-life depression is a risk factor for later life dementia, and depression can be a symptom or consequence of dementia [5-8].”

    From Risk analysis of use of different classes of antidepressants on subsequent dementia: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan (2017) · cites this paper as [7]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 60

  1. [1]Varghese M Patel V Agarwal SP The graying of India: mental health perspectives Mental Health: An Indian Perspective, 1946-2003. DGHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 2004 New Delhi Elsevier
  2. [2]Ganguli M Depression, cognitive impairment and dementia: Why should clinicians care about the web of causation? Indian J Psychiatry 2009 51 29 34 PMC3038544 21416013
  3. [5]Panza F Frisardi V Capurso C D’Introno A Colacicco AM Imbimbo BP Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia: possible continuum? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010 18 98 116 20104067
  4. [6]Gauthier S Reisberg B Zaudig M Petersen RC Ritchie K Broich K Mild cognitive impairment Lancet 2006 367 1262 70 16631882
  5. [7]Olin JT Schneider LS Katz IR Meyers BS Alexopoulos GS Breitner JC Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002 0 125 8 11925273
  6. [8]Butters MA Whyte EM Nebes RD Begley AE Dew MA Mulsant BH The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004 61 587 95 15184238
  7. [9]Köhler S Thomas AJ Barnett NA O’Brien JT The pattern and course of cognitive impairment in late-life depression Psychol Med 2010 40 591 602 19656429
  8. [10]Sheline YI Barch DM Garcia K Gersing K Pieper C Welsh-Bohmer K Cognitive function in late life depression: Relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed Biol Psychiatry 2006 60 58 65 16414031
  9. [12]Solfrizzi V D’Introno A Colacicco AM Capurso C Del Parigi A Caselli RJ Incident occurrence of depressive symptoms among patients with mild cognitive impairment: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007 24 55 64 17565214
  10. [14]Yesavage JA Brink TL Rose TL Lum O Huang V Adey M Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report J Psychiatr Res 1982 1983;17 37 49 7183759
  11. [15]Rozzini L Vicini Chilovi B Conti M Delrio I Borroni B Trabucchi M Neuropsychiatric symptoms in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 25 32 6 18025827
  12. [16]Ellison JM Harper DG Berlow Y Zeranski L Beyond the “C” in MCI: Noncognitive symptoms in amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment CNS Spectr 2008 13 66 72 18204416
  13. [17]Lee KS Cho HS Hong CH Kim DG Oh BH Differences in neuropsychiatric symptoms according to mild cognitive impairment subtypes in the community Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 26 212 7 18781071
  14. [18]Li YS Meyer JS Thornby J Longitudinal follow-up of depressive symptoms among normal versus cognitively impaired elderly Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001 16 718 7 11466752
  15. [19]Tsuno N Homma A What is the association between depression and Alzheimer’s disease? Expert Rev Neurother 2009 9 1667 76 19903025
  16. [21]Forsell Y Winblad B Major depression in a population of demented and nondemented older people: Prevalence and correlates J Am Geriatr Soc 1998 46 27 30 9434662
  17. [22]Rubin EH Veiel LL Kinscherf DA Morris JC Storandt M Clinically significant depressive symptoms and very mild to mild dementia of the Alzheimer type Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001 16 694 701 11466748
  18. [23]Sultzer DL Levin HS Mahler ME High WM Cummings JL A comparison of psychiatric symptoms in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease Am J Psychiatry 1993 150 1806 12 8238634
  19. [24]Naarding P de Koning I dan Kooten F Dippel DW Janzing JG van der Mast RC Depression in vascular dementia Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003 18 325 30 12673609
  20. [25]Castilla-Puentes RC Habeych ME Subtypes of depression among patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias Alzheimer’s Dement 2010 6 63 9 20129320
  21. [26]Haggerty JJ Jr Golden RN Evans DL Janowsky DS Differential diagnosis of pseudodementia in the elderly Geriatrics 1988 43 61 9,72,74 3277890
  22. [27]Lishman WA Organic psychiatry: The psychological consequences of cerebral disorder 1998 3rd ed Hoboken, NJ Wiley Blackwell
  23. [28]Young RC Manley MW Alexopoulos GS “I don’t know” responses in elderly depressives and in dementia J Am Geriatr Soc 1985 33 253 7 3989186
  24. [29]10/66 Dementia Research Group. Subjective memory deficits in people with and without dementia: findings from the 10/66 dementia research group pilot studies in low- and middle-income countries J Am Geriatr Soc 2009 57 2118 24 20121955
  25. [30]Reifler B A case of mistaken identity: Pseudodementia is really predementia J Am Geriatr Soc 2000 48 593 4 10811557
  26. [31]Krishnan KR Hays JC Blazer DG MRI-defined vascular depression Am J Psychiatry 1997 154 497 501 9090336
  27. [32]Alexopoulos GS Meyers BS Young RC Campbell S Silbersweig D Charlson M Vascular depression hypothesis Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 54 915 22 9337771
  28. [34]Vicini Chilovi B Conti M Zanetti M Mazzù I Rozzini L Padovani A Differential impact of apathy and depression in the development of dementia in mild cognitive impairment patients Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009 27 390 8 19339777
  29. [35]Ganguli M Dube S Johnston JM Pandav R Chandra V Dodge HH Depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment and functional impairment in a rural elderly population in India: A Hindi version of the geriatric depression scale (GDS-H) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999 14 807 20 10521880
  30. [36]Alexopoulos GS Abrams RC Young RC Shamoian CA Cornell scale for depression in dementia Biol Psychiatry 1988 23 271 84 3337862
  31. [37]Hamilton M A rating scale for depression J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960 23 56 62 14399272 PMC495331
  32. [39]Sunderland T Alterman IS Yount D Hill JL Tariot PN Newhouse PA A new scale for the assessment of depressed mood in demented patients Am J Psychiatry 1988 145 955 9 3394879
  33. [41]Folstein MF Folstein SE McHugh PR “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician J Psychiatr Res 1975 12 189 98 1202204
  34. [43]Morris JC The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules Neurology 1993 43 2412 4 8232972
  35. [44]Monsch AU Bondi MW Salmon DP Butters N Thal LJ Hansen LA Clinical validity of the mattis dementia rating scale in detecting dementia of the alzheimer type: A double cross-validation and application to a community-dwelling sample Arch Neurol 1995 52 899 904 7661728
  36. [45]Fillenbaum GG Heyman A Wilkinson WE Haynes CS Comparison of two screening tests in Alzheimer’s disease: The correlation and reliability of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the modified Blessed test Arch Neurol 1987 44 924 7 3619711
  37. [46]Ganguli M Chandra V Gilby JE Ratcliff G Sharma SD Pandav R Cognitive test performance in a community-based nondemented elderly sample in rural India: The Indo-U.S. Cross-National Dementia Epidemiology Study Int Psychogeriatr 1996 8 507 24 9147167
  38. [47]Prince M Acosta D Chiu H Scazufca M Varghese M 10/66 Dementia Research Group. Dementia diagnosis in developing countries: A cross-cultural validation study Lancet 2003 361 909 17 12648969
  39. [48]Mathuranath PS Hodges JR Mathew R Cherian PJ George A Bak TH Adaptation of the ACE for a Malayalam speaking population in southern India Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004 19 1188 94 15526301
  40. [49]Irie F Masaki KH Petrovitch H Abbott RD Ross GW Taaffe DR Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele genotype and the effect of depressive symptoms on the risk of dementia in men: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008 65 906 12 18678795 PMC4791584
  41. [50]Cacabelos R Pharmacogenetic basis for therapeutic optimization in Alzheimer’s disease Mol Diagn Ther 2007 11 385 405 18078356
  42. [51]Starkstein SE Mizrahi R Capizzano AA Acion L Brockman S Power BD Neuroimaging correlates of apathy and depression in Alzheimer’s disease J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009 21 259 65 19776304
  43. [52]Klugman A Marshall J Tabet N Impact of cerebrovascular pathology on behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia: Findings from a retrospective, naturalistic study Int J Clin Pract 2009 63 1024 30 19570120
  44. [53]Geerlings MI den Heijer T Koudstaal PJ Hofman A Breteler MM History of depression, depressive symptoms, and medial temporal lobe atrophy and the risk of Alzheimer disease Neurology 2008 70 1258 64 18391157
  45. [54]Butters MA Klunk WE Mathis CA Price JC Ziolko SK Hoge JA Imaging Alzheimer pathology in late-life depression with PET and Pittsburgh Compound-B Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2008 22 261 8 18580591 PMC2636843
  46. [55]Andreescu C Butters MA Begley A Rajji T Wu M Meltzer CC Gray matter changes in late life depression--a structural MRI analysis Neuropsychopharmacology 2008 33 2566 72 18075490 PMC2872084
  47. [56]Reifler BV Teri L Raskind M Veith R Barnes R White E Double-blind trial of imipramine in Alzheimer’s disease patients with and without depression Am J Psychiatry 1989 146 45 9 2643356
  48. [57]Karlsson I Godderis J Augusto De Mendonça Lima C Nygaard H Simányi M Taal M A randomised, double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of citalopram compared to mianserin in elderly, depressed patients with or without mild to moderate dementia Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000 15 295 305 10767728
  49. [58]Petracca GM Chemerinski E Starkstein SE A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in depressed patients with Alzheimer’s disease Int Psychogeriatr 2001 13 233 40 11495397
  50. [59]Roth M Mountjoy CQ Amrein R Moclobemide in elderly patients with cognitive decline and depression: An international double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Br J Psychiatry 1996 168 149 57 8837903
  51. [61]Mossello E Boncinelli M Caleri V Cavallini MC Palermo E Di Bari M Is antidepressant treatment associated with reduced cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 25 372 9 18354253
  52. [62]Mowla A Mosavinasab M Haghshenas H Haghighi AB Does serotonin augmentation have any effect on cognition and activities of daily living in Alzheimer’s dementia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007 27 484 7 17873681
  53. [63]Teri L Logsdon RG Uomoto J McCurry SM Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1997 52 P159 66 9224439
  54. [64]Lu PH Edland SD Teng E Tingus K Petersen RC Cummings JL Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Group. Donepezil delays progression to AD in MCI subjects with depressive symptoms Neurology 2009 72 2115 21 19528519 PMC2697965
  55. [65]Speck CE Kukull WA Brenner DE Bowen JD McCormick WC Teri L History of depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease Epidemiology 1995 6 366 9 7548342
  56. [66]Green RC Cupples LA Kurz A Auerbach S Go R Sadovnick D Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: The MIRAGE study Arch Neurol 2003 6 753 9 12756140
  57. [67]Jorm AF History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: An updated review Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001 35 776 81 11990888
  58. [68]Ownby RL Crocco E Acevedo A John V Loewenstein D Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 530 8 16651510 PMC3530614
  59. [69]Rapp MA Schnaider-Beeri M Grossman HT Sano M Perl DP Purohit DP Increased hippocampal plaques and tangles in patients with Alzheimer disease with a lifetime history of major depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 161 7 16461859
  60. [70]Brommelhoff JA Gatz M Johansson B McArdle JJ Fratiglioni L Pedersen NL Depression as a risk factor or prodromal feature for dementia. Findings in a population-based sample of Swedish twins? Psychol Aging 2009 24 373 84 19485655 PMC2713179

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Varghese, M., & Muliyala, K.
Affiliations
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
Corresponding author
Varghese, Mathew
ORCID
Varghese, Mathew
Venue
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2010
Volume
13
Issue
6
Pages
69
ISSN
0972-2327 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.4103/0972-2327.74248
PMC
PMC3039168
OpenAlex
W1986145806
Cited by
119
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI
1.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-sa
Locations
  • Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Keywords
depression, dementia, late-onset depression, cognitive impairment, dementia risk factors, prodromal dementia, older adults, biomarkers, depression treatment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review