The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies
Open accessAbstract
Determining the optimal sample size for a study assures an adequate power to detect statistical significance. Hence, it is a critical step in the design of a planned research protocol. Using too many participants in a study is expensive and exposes more number of subjects to procedure. Similarly, if study is underpowered, it will be statistically inconclusive and may make the whole protocol a failure. This paper covers the essentials in calculating power and sample size for a variety of applied study designs. Sample size computation for single group mean, survey type of studies, 2 group studies based on means and proportions or rates, correlation studies and for case-control for assessing the categorical outcome are presented in detail.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Understanding rates of eligibility in a population helps power and inform future trials, 26”
From Wellbeing After Stroke (WAterS): Feasibility Testing of a Co-developed Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention to Support Psychological Adjustment After Stroke. (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Practical Statistics for Medical Research.
Walter, S., & Altman, D. G. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532320 · Cited by 11,666
Practical Statistics for Medical Research
Altman, D. G. (1990) · doi:10.1201/9780429258589 · Cited by 10,668
Hapeman, D. E., & Agresti, A. (1991) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1991.10484817 · Cited by 9,407
Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research
James, E. B. (2001) · Cited by 2,900
Sample Size Determination in Health Studies: A Practical Manual.
Lachenbruch, P. A., Lwanga, S. K., & Lemeshow, S. (1991) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290547 · Cited by 2,097
(2010) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412961288.n40 · Cited by 2,028
Introduction to sample size determination and power analysis for clinical trials
Lachin, J. M. (1981) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(81)90001-5 · Cited by 1,012
Statistics review 4: sample size calculations.
Whitley, E., & Ball, J. (2002) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc1521 · Cited by 610
Statistical Power, Sample Size, and Their Reporting in Randomized Controlled Trials
Moher, D. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520020048013 · Cited by 608
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Shisanya, M. S., Ouma, C., & Kipmerewo, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264807 · Cited by 1
Lateral Versus Supine Position on Breathing Patterns Among Premature Neonates: A comparative Study
Mohamed, D. M., Ibrahim, S. S. E., Tantawi, H. R., & Mohamed, F. (2022) · Egyptian Journal of Health Care · doi:10.21608/ejhc.2022.255693 · Cited by 1
Moloney, M. (2022) · Veterinary Evidence · doi:10.18849/ve.v7i3.473 · Cited by 1
Kim, H. J., & Jin, H. J. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146954 · Cited by 1
Rekha, N. H., Reddy, D. R. V. S., Swarup, P. M., & Rakesh, J. P. (2023) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.36106/ijar/8004435 · Cited by 1
People’s Trust in a Virtual Project Team: Results of a Game Experiment
Setyanitami, V., Arini, H. M., & Lathifah, N. R. (2023) · Jurnal Teknik Industri · doi:10.9744/jti.25.1.65-78 · Cited by 2
Ohajinwa-Udonna-Ogbue, A., Nwabueze, S., Ezeama, N. N., Onyemache, O., Florence, U., Comfort, A., & Ohajinwa, C. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science · doi:10.57046/jjjq6521 · Cited by 1
Elseteha, M. A., Moustafa, L. M., & Khalil, N. (2023) · Journal of Tourism, Hotels and Heritage · doi:10.21608/sis.2023.255060.1160 · Cited by 1
Hadier, S. G., Sibtain, M. A., Yinghai, L., Hamdani, S. M. Z. H., & Hamdani, S. D. (2023) · Journal of Management Practices Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.33152/jmphss-7.6.4 · Cited by 1
Debnath, T., & Roy, R. G. (2024) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-024-00335-9 · Cited by 1
Psychological Problems and Coping Patterns among Parents of Children with Neuromuscular Diseases
Mokhtar, M. T., Mohamed, S. M., & Adam, S. S. (2024) · Egyptian Journal of Health Care · doi:10.21608/ejhc.2024.345800 · Cited by 1
Stevens, A. J., Iyer, A. I., Bustamante, G. C., Haber, J. A., Patel, A. V., Barnett, J. S., Caraballo, E., Shahzad, H., Cvetanovich, G. L., Bishop, J. Y., et al. (2024) · Seminars in Arthroplasty JSES · doi:10.1053/j.sart.2024.02.003 · Cited by 1
Saad, A. M., Ramadan, S. S., & Mohamed, S. N. H. (2022) · Egyptian Nursing Journal · doi:10.4103/enj.enj_49_21 · Cited by 1
Hozien, A. I., Elsosy, A. F., Elfeil, Y. E., & Elfakhrany, M. A. (2024) · Journal of the Medical Research Institute /Journal of Medical Research Institute · doi:10.21608/jmalexu.2024.292342.1020 · Cited by 1
Effect of leech therapy in dermatophytosis: A randomized standard controlled trial
Ahmad, J., Azeez, A., Alam, M. A., & Basheer, R. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100090 · Cited by 1
Research methods: Considerations and opportunities to advance firearm injury and violence prevention
O’Connor, K. E., & Farrell, A. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95272-9.00044-9 · Cited by 1
Rezaei, M. (2024) · Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management · doi:10.1016/j.pcorm.2024.100454 · Cited by 2
An introduction to radiotherapy clinical trials and design
Cui, Y., & Xiao, Y. (2025) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2024-1173 · Cited by 1
Leung, S. S. Y., Tsang, H. S. L., Chan, J., Kui, O. Y. H., Zeng, P., Cheung, Y. T., Cheng, J.-W., Chan, K. C. C., Yu, M., Tang, P., et al. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2468262 · Cited by 1
Senol, A., Arslan, Ş., Can, N. O., Tekin, E., & Doru, H. İ. (2025) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2025.06.005 · Cited by 1
Sikder, C., Halder, D. K., Khanam, R., Pathan, R., Ahammed, T., Majumder, S., Rahman, M. T., Shimada, M., Hossain, M. G., & Saha, S. (2025) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107848 · Cited by 1
Chikalipo, M., Kaula, M. P., Mwapasa, V., & Mipando, A. L. N. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-26176-5 · Cited by 1
Police, Law Enforcement and HIV
Crofts, N., & Patterson, D. (2016) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.19.4.21260 · Cited by 3
MicroRNAs as molecular markers for colon cancer Diagnostic screening in stool & blood
Ahmed, F., & Ahmed, N. C. (2017) · Medical Research and Innovations · doi:10.15761/mri.1000108 · Cited by 1
Comparative prospective study between operative and conservative management of clavicular fractures
Muralidhar, B. M., Muralidhara, V., Madhusudan, H., & Shetty, P. (2017) · International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences · doi:10.22271/ortho.2017.v3.i2j.92 · Cited by 1
Pilonidal sinus- limberg versus karidakis flap our experience at SIMS, Shivamogga
As, M., Swamy, M. D. P., & Arif, M. (2017) · International Surgery Journal · doi:10.18203/2349-2902.isj20174878 · Cited by 1
Power analyse review of research articles in life science journals
Görgülü, Ö., & Akıllı, A. (2017) · The Anthropologist · doi:10.1080/09720073.2017.1311684 · Cited by 1
Lung function in poorly controlled type 1 North African diabetic patients: A case-control study
Slim, I., Khalaf, F., Latiri, I., Elfkih, Z., Rouatbi, S., Khochtali, I., Ghannouchi, I., Zinelabidine, A., Othman, L. B., Miled, H., et al. (2015) · Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.02.013 · Cited by 1
Tiwari, A. B. (2019) · Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research · doi:10.18535/jmscr/v7i1.38 · Cited by 1
Comparative study of feto maternal out come in overweight/obese and normal weight pregnancy
Kanakannavar, S. S., Chandrakanth, & Umashankar, K. M. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.33545/gynae.2020.v4.i1f.492 · Cited by 1
Selvaraju, M., Degeras, D. K., Beleya, P., Suliman, K. R., & Yacob, P. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) · doi:10.1109/iciea49774.2020.9102038 · Cited by 1
Stability of the Antimicrobial Capacity of Human Milk Against Cronobacter Sakazakii During Handling
Fernández-Pastor, S., Castelló, D. S., & López‐Mendoza, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/0890334420932574 · Cited by 1
Yakubu, I. M., & Banerjee, S. K. (2020) · International Journal of Studies in Nursing · doi:10.20849/ijsn.v5i4.843 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 PREVENTIVE PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN NIGERIA
C., B. I. O., Kareem Abiodun J. FMCPaed, M., Akpoti, O. O., & BSc Ogunromo Ayodele, Y. (2021) · SCIREA Journal of Health · doi:10.54647/pmh33178 · Cited by 1
Exploring Physical and Social Wellness of High School Students in Suva, Fiji
Odrovakavula, L., & Mohammadnezhad, M. (2021) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v14n2p8 · Cited by 1
Role of Divalent Cations in Pathophysiology of Essential Hypertension
Asha, G. S., Natikar, J. A., & Mohanty, S. (2021) · Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/gijhsr.20210702
Natikar, J. A., Asha, G. S., & Alapaty, S. (2021) · Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/gijhsr.20210701 · Cited by 1
Execution trace‐based model verification to analyze multicore and real‐time systems
Beamonte, R., Ezzati‐Jivan, N., & Dagenais, M. (2022) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.6974 · Cited by 1
Mukherjee, R., Misra, M. K., Samanta, S., Mahajan, K., Sarmah, D., & Mukherjee, M. R. (2022) · National Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.7860/njlm/2022/56393.2652 · Cited by 1
Kazmi, S. M. A., Lewis, C. A., Hasan, S. S., Iftikhar, R., Fayyaz, M. U., & Anjum, F. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942108 · Cited by 1
Shazamani, S., Begum, W., & Sumaiya, S. (2022) · Pharmacognosy Research · doi:10.5530/pres.14.4.66 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Number of Medications on Falls in Aging Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Thai, L., Hill, L. A., Balcombe, S., Karim, A., & Karris, M. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13091848 · Cited by 1
McDermid, R. (2024) · Anaesthesia & intensive care medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.06.005 · Cited by 1
Mwangi, J. N. (2015) · Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University) · Cited by 1
Preschoolers’ Emotion Regulation: Maternal Perspectives on Tantrums and Emotion Regulation
Leland, A. J. (2014) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 1
Identification of Signal, Noise, and Indistinguishable Subsets in High-Dimensional Data AnalysisPreprint
Jeng, X. J. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1305.0220 · Cited by 1
Acceptance and Uptake of Influenza Vaccination by Health Care Workers
Wallace, L. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
Alshoweir, N. A. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32478426 · Cited by 1
Machine Learning to Assess Language Impairments in Older AdultsPreprint
Parsapoor, M., Alam, M. R., & Mihailidis, A. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-109610/v1 · Cited by 1
Retraction: "Retraction: Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies"
(2015) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/0974-1208.170594 · Cited by 1
RetractedEarls, J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3938235 · Cited by 1
Observer Effect in Social Media UsePreprint
Saha, K., Gupta, P., Mark, G. J., Kıcıman, E., & Choudhury, M. D. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2492994/v2 · Cited by 1
Bitter taste genetics and oral health in Canadian Longitudinal Study on AgingPreprint
Shafizadeh, M., Bhatia, V., Ahmed, S., Drögemöller, B. I., Stavropoulou, C., John, P. S., Bhullar, R. P., Chelikani, P., & Hitchon, C. A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623243 · Cited by 1
Webber‐Ritchey, K. J. (2014) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Maness, S. B. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Embrey, K. (2014) · DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)
Effects of Monocular Deprivation on the Dendritic Features of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Mwachaka, P., Saidi, H., Odula, P., & Mandela, P. (2014) · International Journal of Morphology · doi:10.4067/s0717-95022014000400004
Technology and Information Tool Preferences of Academics in the Field of Anaesthesiology
Akkaya, A., Bilgi, M., Demırhan, A., Kurt, A. D., Tekelioğlu, Ü. Y., Akkaya, K., Koçoğlu, H., & Tekçe, H. (2014) · Türk anesteziyoloji ve reanimasyon derneği dergisi · doi:10.5152/tjar.2014.65902
Podgorny, P. J. (2014) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26681
Vila‐Candel, R., & Castro Sanchez, E. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.4172/2165-7920.1000491
Rasera, C. C. (2015) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Gallogray, B. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Vila‐Candel, R., & la Puerta, F. N. D. (2015) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Weight Management of Diabetic Patients: Can Text Messaging Help?
Randolph, C. (2015) · Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
Aagenæs syndrome (LCS1), diet and disease progression
Drivdal, M. (2014) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Sheth, M., Zhang, J., & Zenklusen, J. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802143-9.00004-x
Associations Between Healthcare Facility Types and Healthcare-Associated Infections
Miller, A. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
한준영 (2014) · Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.22173/jksss.2014.27.3.179
Githuku, G. K. (2016) · Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management · doi:10.61426/sjbcm.v3i2.262
Lin, M.-Y. (2016) · Durham e-Theses (Durham University)
Ramesh, R., Balagi, D., & Dayananda, V. P. (2016) · International Journal of Anesthesiology & Research · doi:10.19070/2332-2780-1600068
Effects of monocular deprivation on the thickness of neural retina
Mwachaka, P., Saidi, H., Odula, P., & Mandela, P. (2015) · Journal of Morphological Sciences · doi:10.4322/jms.0744114
Gender Differences in Inflammatory Markers among Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Subjects, G. D. I. I. M. A. T. 2. D., & Sowmya Rajashekar, A. U. (2017) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EMERGING TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.18535/ijetst/v4i1.01
The biomechanical outcome after total hip replacement
Weber, T. (2015)
Langoo, S., Jan, S., & Ahmad, T. (2017) · International Journal of Anesthesiology & Research · doi:10.19070/2332-2780-1600081
Sharvin, B. (2017) · University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) · doi:10.48773/92q1v
Arathi, B., Ramamani, P., Gowda, V., & Namrata, R. (2015) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2015/1242
Groth, C. M. (2016) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
Barberia, A. M. (2017) · Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University)
Elder Abuse Screening Education for Emergency Department Nurses: An education intervention
Thimsen, K. (2017) · ePublications at Regis University (Regis University)
Sample Size Calculation in Clinical Studies: Some Common Scenarios
Chowdhury, M., Sikdar, K. C., & Turin, T. C. (2017) · International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research · doi:10.6000/1929-6029.2017.06.04.3
Chevuri, S. B., Khan, M., & Jayashree, J. (2017) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2017/1032
Chandra, S. B. C., & Bylappa, K. (2018) · International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20181868
Villanueva, M. A. C. (2018) · Pensamiento Crítico · doi:10.15381/pc.v22i2.14336
Gannon, J. (2016) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
Upala, S. (2018) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2018.08.024
Bone Regeneration: Experiences in Dentistry
Mazzoni, S. (2018) · Fundamental biomedical technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00368-5_8
Tiwari, A. B., & Mestha, N. K. (2018) · International Journal of Anesthesiology & Research · doi:10.19070/2332-2780-18000110
Odaudu, U. S., & Okon, I. U. (2019) · Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences · doi:10.4314/bajopas.v11i1.18s
Comparison of Malaria Control Interventions in Angola
Nsengimana, F. (2019) · American journal of public health research · doi:10.12691/ajphr-7-2-1 · Cited by 1
Salimi, N. (2018) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Veeranna, H. D., Ravi, K., & Kumar, K. A. (2019) · International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics · doi:10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20192565
Ogboghodo, E. O. (2019) · Central African Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20190504.17
Nkosi, B. E. (2018) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
Metadata
- Authors
- Suresh, K., & Chandrashekara, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (IN)
- Department of Immunology and Reumatology, ChanRe Rheumatology and Immunology Center and Research, Bangalore, India
- Venue
- Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-13
- ISSN
- 0974-1208 (ISSN-L)
- 1998-4766
- PMC
- PMC3409926
- OpenAlex
- W2038287973
- Cited by
- 1,024
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 31.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- retraction (2015-07-01)
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- sample size determination, statistical power, clinical research design, two-group comparison, proportion, rates, correlation, case-control study, categorical outcomes, survey studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
