Psychological impact of COVID-19 on ophthalmologists-in-training and practising ophthalmologists in India
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To evaluate the psychological impact of the COVID 19 crisis on ophthalmologists-in-training and practising ophthalmologists during lockdown in India. Methods: An online survey was completed by ophthalmologists and ophthalmology trainees during the lockdown. The information collected included demographics (age, gender), domicile (state, union territory), current professional status (in training or practising), type of practice (solo, group, institutional, governmental, non-governmental), marital status (married, single), impact of COVID-19 on their training or practice, and impact on income and ability to meet living expenses. Psychological distress was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results: In all, 2,355 ophthalmologists responded. Mean age was 42.5 (range, 25-82 years; SD, 12.05) years. Of these, 1,332 (56.7%) were males; 475 (20.2%) were still not in practice; 366 (15.5%) were single; 1,244 (52.8%) felt that COVID-19 would impact on their training or professional work; and 869 (37%) had difficulty in meeting their living expenses. The mean PHQ-9 score was 3.98 (range, 0-27; SD, 4.65). In terms of psychological impact, 768 (32.6%) had some degree of depression; mild in 504 (21.4%), moderate in 163 (6.9%), and severe in 101 (4.3%). Multivariable analysis showed that depression was significantly higher at younger age. The odds of depression decreased by 3% with 1 year increase in age. It was higher in non-practicing ophthalmologists, especially those who were considerably worried about their training or professional growth, and those with difficulty in meeting living expenses. Conclusion: A strikingly high proportion of ophthalmologists are psychologically affected and may require personalized mental health care.
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Younger age was a risk factor for depression among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.
“younger age was a risk factor for depression (Khanna et al., 2020)”
From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Khanna et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Khanna, R., Honavar, S., Metla, A., Bhattacharya, A., & Maulik, P.
- Affiliations
- L V Prasad Eye Institute (IN)
- George Institute for Global Health (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Khanna, RohitC
- Venue
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 994
- ISSN
- 0301-4738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7508077
- OpenAlex
- W3032196433
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 27
- FWCI
- 12.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress, depression, ophthalmologists, ophthalmology trainees, lockdown, cost of living, mental health, age and depression, India
- MeSH terms
- Ophthalmologists, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, India, Internship and Residency, Male, Middle Aged, Ophthalmology, Pneumonia, Viral, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Students, Medical, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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