Investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Previous meta-analyses were conducted during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, which utilized a smaller pool of data. The current meta-analysis aims to provide additional (and updated) evidence related to the psychological impact among healthcare workers. The search strategy was developed by a medical librarian and bibliographical databases, including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched for studies examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of healthcare workers. Articles were screened by three reviewers. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by I2 statistic. The random-effects model was utilized to obtain the pooled prevalence. A subgroup analysis by region, gender, quality of study, assessment methods, healthcare profession, and exposure was performed. Publication bias was assessed by Funnel plot and Egger linear regression test. Sixty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and the total sample constituted 79,437 participants. The pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress syndrome, insomnia, psychological distress, and burnout was 34.4%, 31.8%, 40.3%, 11.4%, 27.8%, 46.1%, and 37.4% respectively. The subgroup analysis indicated higher anxiety and depression prevalence among females, nurses, and frontline responders than males, doctors, and second-line healthcare workers. This study highlights the need for designing a targeted intervention to improve resilience and foster post-traumatic growth among frontline responders.
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The pooled prevalence rate of psychological distress among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak was 46.1%.
“A systematic review showed that the pooled prevalence rate of psychological distress among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak was 46.1% (7).”
From Translation, adaptation, and initial evaluation of a guided self-help intervention to reduce psychological distress among nurses during COVID-19 in China (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
Section 3.4.5 reports a pooled psychological-distress prevalence of 46.1% across 12 studies of healthcare workers. It does not identify 46.1% as a nurses-only estimate; the nurse-specific estimates elsewhere in Section 3.4 concern anxiety and depression. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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“…NA NA N 6 Medium Cao et al., 2020 [33] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Chatterjee et al., 2020 [48] Y Y NR N N Y N Y Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Chen et al., 2020 [30] Y Y Y N N Y N N NR NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium Chew et al., 2020 [34] Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Chung and Yeung et al.,…”
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“…Y Y NA N NA NA N 6 Medium Amin et al., 2020 [37] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium An et al., 2020 [46] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Cai et al., 2020 [79] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Caliskan et al., 2020 [47] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Cao et al., 2020…”
BackgroundInfluentialMental Health Status of Doctors and Nurses During COVID-19 Epidemic in ChinaPreprint
Liu, Z., Han, B., Jiang, R., Huang, Y., Ma, C., Wen, J., Zhang, T., Wang, Y., Chen, H., & Ma, Y. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3551329 · Cited by 226 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluentialCao, J., Wei, J., Zhu, H., Duan, Y., Geng, W., Hong, X., Jiang, J., Zhao, X., & Zhu, B. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000507453 · Cited by 215 · cited 10× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialSleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019
Wang, S., Xie, L., Xu, Y. Q., Yu, S., Yao, B.-Q., & Xiang, D. (2020) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa074 · Cited by 213 · cited 19× · see citing works
“Depression Anxiety Insomnia Stress PTSD a Distress Que et al., 2020 [63] 2285 China 37.6 9.1 30.9 GAD b -7 PHQ c ISI d ≥10 ≥10 ≥15 44.4 (1014) 46.0 (1052) 28.8 (657) NA NA NA Rossi et al., 2020 [64] 1379 Italy 37.64 34.23 22.8 GPS PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 ISI d -7 PSS j -10 ≥3 ≥15 ≥15 ≥22 NA 24.73 (341) 19.8 (273) 8.3 (114)…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe examination of sleep quality for frontline healthcare workers during the outbreak of COVID-19
Jahrami, H., BaHammam, A. S., Algahtani, H. M., Ebrahim, A. H., Faris, M. E., AlEid, K., Saif, Z., Haji, E. A., Dhahi, A., Marzooq, H., et al. (2020) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-020-02135-9 · Cited by 207 · cited 11× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialQi, J., Xu, J., Li, B.-Z., Huang, J.-S., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z.-T., Yao, D.-A., Liu, Q.-H., Jia, M., Gong, D.-K., et al. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.023 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Attitude, practice, behavior, and mental health impact of COVID-19 on doctors
Bhattacharyya, R., Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Gupta, S., Das, S., & Banerjee, B. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_333_20 · Cited by 190 · cited 6× · see citing works
“001 [18,20,21,31,32,34,41,44,48,54,58,60,62,64,66,73,76] Subgroup Analysis Categories Subgroups Number of Studies Proportion (%) 95% CI I2 p Value References”
BackgroundInfluentialAlshekaili, M., Hassan, W., Said, N. A., Al‐Sulaimani, F., Jayapal, S. K., Al‐Mawali, A., Chan, M. F., Mahadevan, S. K., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042030 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey
Aksoy, Y. E., & Koçak, V. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundLi, G., Miao, J., Wang, H., Xu, S., Sun, W., Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Zhu, S., Zhu, Z., & Wang, W. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323134 · Cited by 169 · cited 9× · see citing works
“001 [18,20,21,31,32,34,41,44,48,54,58,60,62,64,66,73,76] Subgroup Analysis Categories Subgroups Number of Studies Proportion (%) 95% CI I2 p Value References”
BackgroundInfluentialPost-traumatic growth and influencing factors among frontline nurses fighting against COVID-19
Cui, P. P., Wang, P. P., Wang, K., Ping, Z., Wang, P., & Chen, C. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106540 · Cited by 166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Positive traumatic growth (a positive approach to the management of complex traumas) among health care workers has gained special attention, and interventions to build this have been suggested [96,99,100].”
BackgroundCivantos, A. M., Byrnes, Y. M., Chang, C., Prasad, A., Chorath, K. T., Poonia, S. K., Jenks, C. M., Bur, A. M., Thakkar, P., Graboyes, E. M., et al. (2020) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.26292 · Cited by 162 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Burnout was assessed in three studies [33,49,57] and the overall prevalence in a sample size of 2487 was 37.”
BackgroundInfluentialTu, Z., He, J.-W., & Zhou, N. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000020769 · Cited by 159 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The quality of sleep was assessed in five studies [26,32,58,66,70].”
BackgroundHakami, Z. W., Khanagar, S. B., Vishwanathaiah, S., Hakami, A., Bokhari, A. M., Jabali, A. H., Alasmari, D. S., & Aldrees, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.12470 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The psychology of coronavirus fear: Are healthcare professionals suffering from corona-phobia?
Amin, S. (2020) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2020.1765119 · Cited by 152 · cited 2× · see citing works
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BackgroundSriharan, A., Ratnapalan, S., Tricco, A. C., Lupea, D., Ayala, A. P., Pang, H. Y. M., & Lee, D. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.596690 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Amerio, A., Bianchi, D., Santi, F., Costantini, L., Odone, A., Signorelli, C., Costanza, A., Serafini, G., Amore, M., & Aguglia, A. (2020) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v91i2.9619 · Cited by 146 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundDong, Z., Ma, J., Hao, Y., Shen, X., Liu, F., Gao, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.59 · Cited by 145 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluentialStojanov, J., Malobabić, M., Stanojević, G., Stević, M., Milošević, V., & Stojanov, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020942800 · Cited by 139 · cited 8× · see citing works
“…ag ≥19 NA NA NA NA NA 11.5(39) Shechter et al., 2020 [66] 657 USA 28.8 47.6 21.8 PC-PTSD u PHQ c -2 GAD b -2 ≥3 ≥3 ≥3 48.0 (313) 33.0 (215) NA 57.0 (371) NA NA Stojanov et al., 2020 [67] 201 Serbia NA 100.0 34.3 GAD b -7 ZSDS v ≥5 ≥50 30.8(62) 48.2 (97) NA NA NA NA Sun et al.,2020 [77] 320 China…”
BackgroundInfluentialHassannia, L., Taghizadeh, F., Moosazadeh, M., Zarghami, M., Taghizadeh, H., Dooki, A. F., Fathi, M., Alizadeh‐Navaei, R., Hedayatizadeh‐Omran, A., & Dehghan, N. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12153 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Khanna, R., Honavar, S., Metla, A., Bhattacharya, A., & Maulik, P. (2020) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_1458_20 · Cited by 128 · cited 10× · see citing works
“…NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Kang et al., 2020 [39] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y Y Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Kaveh et al., 2020 [43] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Khanna et al., 2020 [59] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Koksal et al., 2020 [80] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Lai et al., 2020…”
BackgroundInfluentialZhan, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, H., Li, M., Shen, Y., Gui, L., Zhang, J., Luo, Z., Tao, X., & Yu, J. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13094 · Cited by 121 · cited 9× · see citing works
“001 [18,20,21,31,32,34,41,44,48,54,58,60,62,64,66,73,76] Subgroup Analysis Categories Subgroups Number of Studies Proportion (%) 95% CI I2 p Value References”
BackgroundInfluentialSubjective Overload and Psychological Distress among Dentists during COVID-19
Mijiritsky, E., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Liu, F., Datarkar, A. N., Mangani, L., Caplan, J., Shacham, A., Kolerman, R., Mijiritsky, O., Ben‐Ezra, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145074 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Guo, J., Liao, L., Wang, B., Li, X., Guo, L., Tong, Z., Guan, Q., Zhou, M., Wu, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3550050 · Cited by 108 · cited 13× · see citing works
“001 [16,23,33,41,42,55,63,66,73] Healthcare Workers Frontline 6 23.”
BackgroundInfluentialTeng, Z., Wei, Z.-R., Qiu, Y., Tan, Y., Chen, J., Tang, H., Wu, H., Wu, R., & Huang, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.032 · Cited by 103 · cited 10× · see citing works
“0001 [6,16,23,24,27,28,30,34,35,43,48,49,54,55,57,61,65,68] CI = Confidence Interval; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; SAS = Self-rating Anxiety Scale; Good quality score = 7–9; Medium Quality score = 4–6; I2 statistic indicates the heterogeneity.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Mental Health Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Therapists
Yang, S., Kwak, S. G., Ko, E. J., & Chang, M. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103723 · Cited by 101 · cited 9× · see citing works
“…NA N 6 Medium Weilenmann et al., 2020 [72] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Xiao et al., 2020 [73] Y Y NR N N Y N Y Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Yang et al., 2020 [74] Y Y Y N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Yin et al., 2020 [75] Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Zhan et al., 2020 [76] Y Y…”
BackgroundInfluentialStaff Mental Health Self-Assessment During the COVID-19 Outbreak
Chung, J. P.-Y., & Yeung, W. S. (2020) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap2014 · Cited by 88 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2020 [78] Y Y NR N N Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 5 Medium Civantos et al.”
BackgroundWang, H., Huang, D., Huang, H., Zhang, J., Guo, L., Liu, Y., Ma, H., & Geng, Q. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002561 · Cited by 87 · cited 17× · see citing works
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialWeilenmann, S., Ernst, J., Petry, H., Pfaltz, M. C., Sazpinar, O., Gehrke, S., Paolercio, F., von Känel, R., & Spiller, T. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.594340 · Cited by 85 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
InfluentialKanekar, A. S., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8030336 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Salman, M., Mustafa, Z. U., Raza, M. H., Khan, T. M., Asif, N., Tahir, H., Shehzadi, N., Mallhi, T. H., Khan, Y. H., Sultana, K., et al. (2022) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2022.4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Köksal, E., Dost, B., Terzi, Ö., Üstün, Y. B., Özdin, S., & Bilgin, S. (2020) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2020.06.017 · Cited by 67 · cited 7× · see citing works
“…NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Kaveh et al., 2020 [43] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Khanna et al., 2020 [59] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Koksal et al., 2020 [80] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Lai et al., 2020 [16] Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 9 Good Li et al., 2020 [31] Y Y…”
BackgroundInfluentialHawari, F. I., Obeidat, N. A., Dodin, Y., Albtoosh, A. S., Manasrah, R. M., Alaqeel, I. O., & Mansour, A. H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248741 · Cited by 61 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluentialSalman, M., Raza, M. H., Mustafa, Z. U., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.20119867 · Cited by 53 · cited 9× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialDePierro, J. M., Katz, C. L., Marin, D. B., Feder, A., Bevilacqua, L. M., Sharma, V., Hurtado, A., Ripp, J., Lim, S., & Charney, D. S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113426 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Podder, I., Agarwal, K., & Datta, S. (2020) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13788 · Cited by 50 · cited 7× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialHassannia, L., Taghizadeh, F., Moosazadeh, M., Zarghami, M., Taghizadeh, H., Dooki, A. F., Fathi, M., Navaei, R., & Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.20089292 · Cited by 46 · cited 7× · see citing works
“…(224) NA 41.2 (182) NA NA Guiroy et al., 2020 [36] 204 LatinAmerica ad 100.0 NA 96.6 PHQ c -9 ≥10 100(204) NA NA NA NA NA Guo et al., 2020 [23] 11,118 China 30.28 53.07 25.2 SAS r SDS z ≥50 ≥50 31.5 (3497) 17.5 (1940) NA NA NA 40.7 (4530) Hassannia et al., 2020 [55] 487 Iran 26.08 21.56 NA HADS k -”
BackgroundInfluentialCOVID-19 Impact Among Spine Surgeons in Latin America
Guiroy, A. J., Gagliardi, M. J., Coombes, N., Landriel, F., Zanardi, C., Camino-Willhuber, G. O., Guyot, J. P., & Valacco, M. (2020) · Global Spine Journal · doi:10.1177/2192568220928032 · Cited by 39 · cited 9× · see citing works
“…N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Du et al., 2020 [20] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Elbay et al., 2020 [54] Y Y NR Y Y Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Guiroy et al., 2020 [36] Y Y N N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Guo et al., 2020 [23] Y Y NR N N Y Y N Y NA Y NA NA N 6 Medium Hassannia et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialQi, J., Xu, J., Li, B., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.20031278 · Cited by 37 · cited 10× · see citing works
“, 2020 [26] Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y NA Y NA NA N 8 Good Que et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNurses fighting against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong
Chan, S. (2003) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00209.x · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The current meta-analysis found higher levels of anxiety and depression among nurses compared to doctors, which may be because nurses have closer and prolonged contact with patients compared to doctors [3,93].”
BackgroundÇALIŞKAN, F., & Dost, B. (2020) · Signa Vitae · doi:10.22514/sv.2020.16.0022 · Cited by 32 · cited 2× · see citing works
“001 [16,47,48,59,73,74,80] Healthcare Professions Nurses 9 42.”
BackgroundKaveh, M., Davari-tanha, F., Varaei, S., Shirali, E., Shokouhi, N., Nazemi, P., Ghajarzadeh, M., Feizabad, E., & Ashraf, M. (2021) · Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Cancer Research · doi:10.30699/jogcr.7.2.69 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Spiller, T. R., Méan, M., Ernst, J., Sazpinar, O., Gehrke, S., Paolercio, F., Petry, H., Pfaltz, M. C., Morina, N., Aebischer, O., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003128 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Anxiety levels among Iranian health care workers during the COVID-19 surge: A cross-sectional studyPreprint
Kaveh, M., Tanha, F. D., Varaei, S., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.20089045 · Cited by 30 · cited 9× · see citing works
“0001 [6,16,23,24,27,28,30,34,35,43,48,49,54,55,57,61,65,68] CI = Confidence Interval; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; SAS = Self-rating Anxiety Scale; Good quality score = 7–9; Medium Quality score = 4–6; I2 statistic indicates the heterogeneity.”
BackgroundInfluentialPost‐traumatic stress symptoms among medical rescue workers exposed to COVID ‐19 in Japan
Asaoka, H., Koido, Y., Kawashima, Y., Ikeda, M., Miyamoto, Y., & Nishi, D. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13092 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Jimi, H., & Hashimoto, G. (2020) · Global Health & Medicine · doi:10.35772/ghm.2020.01038 · Cited by 29 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The symptoms of PTSD were reported among Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) members, who were deployed to analyze, manage, and contain the transmission of COVID-19 on a Diamond Princess Cruise ship during the initial phases of the pandemic [11,12].”
BackgroundWeilenmann, S., Ernst, J., Petry, H., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.20088625 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression scores in maternity healthcare workers during the Covid‐19 pandemic
Corbett, G. A., Milne, S. J., Mohan, S., Reagu, S. M., Farrell, T. J., Lindow, S. W., Hehir, M. P., & O’Connell, M. P. (2020) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.13279 · Cited by 27 · cited 8× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialAnil, R. K., Karumaran, S., Kattula, D., Thavarajah, R., & Mohandoss, A. A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.20092601 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Liu, P., Hao, D.-J., Hu, W., Wei, J., & Wang, J.-J. (2020) · Bulletin of Entomological Research · doi:10.1017/s0007485320000413 · Cited by 15 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Rating—Good, Medium or Poor), Good = (7–9 yes); Medium = (4–6 yes).)”
BackgroundInfluentialStress, Burnout and Depression in Women in Healthcare during COVID-19 Pandemic: Rapid Scoping Review
Sriharan, A., Ratnapalan, S., Tricco, A. C., Lupea, D., Ayala, A. P., Pang, H., & Lee, D. D. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.20151183 · Cited by 13
Thapa, L., Ghimire, A., Ghimire, S., Sharma, N., Shrestha, S., Devkota, M., Bhattarai, S., Maharjan, A. M. S., Lohani, S., Phuyal, S., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.20148866 · Cited by 8 · cited 8× · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialGreenberg, N. L., Cooke, J., Sullivan, E., & Tracy, D. K. (2020) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001624 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Positive traumatic growth (a positive approach to the management of complex traumas) among health care workers has gained special attention, and interventions to build this have been suggested [96,99,100].”
BackgroundAlshekaili, M., Hassan, W., Said, N. A., Alsulimani, F., Jayapal, S. K., Al‐Mawali, A., Chan, M. F., Mahadevan, S. K., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3624265 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hawari, F. I., Obeidat, N. A., Dodin, Y. I., Albtoosh, A. S., Manasrah, R. M., Alaqeel, I. O., & Mansour, A. H. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.20130724 · Cited by 3
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Alnazly, E. K., Khraisat, O. M. A., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247679 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
“[22] conducted a meta-analysis to provide new evidence related to COVID-19 impact on health-care workers’ psychological well-being.”
MethodSaragih, I. D., Tonapa, S. I., Saragih, I. S., Advani, S., Batubara, S. O., Suarilah, I., & Lin, C. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104002 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Burnout Among Healthcare Workers During COVID-19
Ghahramani, S., Lankarani, K. B., Yousefi, M., Heydari, K., Shahabi, S., & Azmand, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.758849 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Finstad, G. L., Giorgi, G., Lulli, L. G., Pandolfi, C., Foti, G., León-Perez, J. M., Cantero-Sánchez, F. J., & Mucci, N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189453 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Indeed, health promotion and prevention strategies are essential to foster successful adaptation to challenging environmental conditions [4,5,83].”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries
Batra, K., Sharma, M., Batra, R., Singh, T. P., & Schvaneveldt, N. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9020222 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“Sources of Information A search strategy was adapted from previous reports [27].”
MethodInfluentialDragioti, E., Tsartsalis, D., Mentis, M., Mantzoukas, S., & Gouva, M. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104272 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“…effect on the pooled psychological distress and stress prevalence and the range of prevalence estimates changed after excluding four meta-analyses with the largest in fl uence (Batra et al., 2020; El-Qushayri et al., 2021; Marvaldi et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2021) (Supplementary Material Figs.”
Mental Health in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Review of Prevalence Meta-Analyses
de Sousa, G. M., Tavares, V. D. D. O., Grilo, M. L. P. D. M., Coelho, M. L. G., de Lima-Araujo, G. L., Schuch, F. B., & Coelho, N. L. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703838 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Lee, B. E. C., Ling, M., Boyd, L., Olsson, C., & Sheen, J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.012 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“, 2020), and the COVID-19 pandemic (Batra et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021), it is again unclear to what extent”
BackgroundFernandez, R. S., Sikhosana, N., Green, H., Halcomb, E., Middleton, R., Alananzeh, I. M., Trakis, S., & Moxham, L. J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054528 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Jeon, Y. J., Kang, S., Shin, J. I., Jung, Y., & Jung, S. J. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“, high levels of anxiety and depression), highlighting the need for appropriate intervention in these populations [3, 4].”
BackgroundThe Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Mental Health
Lara‐Cabrera, M. L., Betancort, M., Muñoz-Rubilar, C. A., Novo, N. R., & Cuevas, C. D. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189762 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Recent scientific literature has generated evidence that highlights the impact of the occupational stress that nurses have been facing during the pandemic on their mental health [8,10,11].”
BackgroundHealthcare worker’s emotions, perceived stressors and coping mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic
Rose, S. J., Hartnett, J., & Pillai, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254252 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“The authors found higher levels of anxiety and depression among nurses compared to physicians, concluding that this may be due to the close proximity and exposure potential to a very infectious novel illness [7].”
BackgroundZhang, M., Murphy, B., Cabanilla, A., & Yidi, C. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12243 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Burnout Trends Among US Health Care Workers
Mohr, D. C., Elnahal, S. M., Marks, M., Derickson, R., & Osatuke, K. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.5954 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Zhang, S. X., Batra, K., Xu, W., Liu, T., Dong, R. K., Yin, A., Delios, A. Y., Chen, B. Z., Chen, R. Z., Miller, S., et al. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796021000767 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…rate and mortality rate, variations in and timing of containment strategies adopted by countries across regions (Middelburg and Rosendaal, 2020), and the varying degrees of resources available, including personal protective equipment (PPE), to address mental health symptoms (Batra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationElghazally, S. A., Alkarn, A. F., Elkhayat, H., Ibrahim, A. K., & Elkhayat, M. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105368 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“and burnout among health-care workers [32], thus affecting their quality of life as well as the quality of health service provided [33].”
BackgroundSahebi, A., Yousefi, A., Abdi, K., Jamshidbeigi, Y., Moayedi, S., Torres, M., Wesemann, U., Sheikhbardsiri, H., & Golitaleb, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.764738 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Meta-analytic evidence of depression and anxiety in Eastern Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zhang, S. X., Miller, S., Xu, W., Yin, A., Chen, B. Z., Delios, A., Dong, R. K., Chen, R. Z., McIntyre, R. S., Wan, X., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2000132 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Curtin, M., Richards, H. L., & Fortune, D. G. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102173 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Nursing staff fatigue and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece
Sikaras, C., Ilias, Ι., Tselebis, A., Pachi, A., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., Gil, A. P. R., & Παναγιώτου, Α. (2021) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2022008 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Maunder, R., Heeney, N. D., Hunter, J., Strudwick, G., Jeffs, L. P., Ginty, L., Johnstone, J., Kiss, A., Loftus, C., & Wiesenfeld, L. A. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12995-022-00352-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ferreira, P. S., & Gomes, S. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10090317 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The COVID-19 pandemic is no exception and the levels of several psychological problems, such as anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic-stress, insomnia, psychological distress and burnout, are reasons for concern (Batra et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAhn, M. H., Shin, Y., Suh, S. A., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, K., & Chung, S. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/25489 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Schmuck, J., Hiebel, N., Kriegsmann-Rabe, M., Schneider, J. N., Erim, Y., Morawa, E., Jerg‐Bretzke, L., Beschoner, P., Albus, C., Hannemann, J., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255211 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“This is a higher proportion than in COVID-19 studies that used the PHQ-2 and GAD-2 among Chinese HCW [44], but lower than the overall rates for HCW found in a recent meta-analysis [10].”
BackgroundResultSahebi, A., Abdi, K., Moayedi, S., Torres, M., & Golitaleb, M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110597 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Front Line Nurses: A Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence
González, S. H., Selva-Medrano, D., López‐Espuela, F., Caro‐Alonso, P. A., Novo, A., & Rodríguez‐Martin, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412975 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Various quantitative and qualitative studies show the impact of working on the front line with people with COVID-19, highlighting the following psychological impacts: anxiety, stress, depression [5,6], post-traumatic stress syndrome, psychological distress, and mental exhaustion [7].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSönmez, B., Yıldız, A., Demi̇r, Ö. İ., Emiralioğlu, R., & Güngör, S. (2022) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12771 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Burnout, Depression and Sense of Coherence in Nurses during the Pandemic Crisis
Pachi, A., Sikaras, C., Ilias, Ι., Παναγιώτου, Α., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., Baras, S., Tsitrouli, L. A., & Tselebis, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010134 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Diaz, F., Cornelius, T. M., Bramley, S., Venner, H. K., Shaw, K., Dong, M., Pham, P., McMurry, C. L., Cannone, D. E., Sullivan, A. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.033 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Maqbali, M. A. H. A., Alsayed, A. R., Hughes, C., Hacker, E. D., & Dickens, G. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302597 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kalaitzaki, A. E., & Rovithis, M. (2021) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2021.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Impact of COVID‐19 on the mental health in a cohort of Italian rehabilitation healthcare workers
Farì, G., Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., Giorgio, V. D., Rizzo, L., Bruni, A., Bianchi, F. P., Zonno, A., Pierucci, P., Ranieri, M., & Megna, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27272 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rosales Vaca, K. M., Cruz Barrientos, O. I., Girón López, S., Noriega, S., More Árias, A., Guariente, S. M. M., & Zazula, R. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114501 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gillen, P. A., Neill, R. D., Mallett, J., Moriarty, J., Manthorpe, J., Schroder, H. S., Currie, D., McGrory, S., Nicholl, P., Ravalier, J. M., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274036 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“, [13] which explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers’ psychological wellbeing reported prevalence rates of anxiety (34.”
BackgroundCyr, S., Marcil, M.-J., Marin, M., Tardif, J., Guay, S., Guertin, M., Rosa, C., Genest, C., Forest, J., Lavoie, P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.668278 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Collins, C., Clays, E., Poel, E. V., Cholewa, J., Tripković, K., Nessler, K., de Rouffignac, S., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Bukumirić, Z., Adler, L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095675 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Some studies have shown that among physicians who report experiencing at least some signs of burnout, family medicine and emergency medicine physicians are among those at highest risk [7].”
BackgroundNguyen, P., Nguyen, T. B. L., Pham, A. G., Duong, K. N. C., Gloria, M. A. J., Vo, T. V., Vo, B. V., & Phung, T. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.628341 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hesselink, G., Straten, L., Gallée, L., Brants, A., Holkenborg, J., Barten, D. G., & Schoon, Y. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06555-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“This corresponds with the findings of a recent meta-analysis on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers, [4] and findings from similar studies on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak almost a decade ago, [12, 32, 33].”
ResultTh’ng, F., Rao, K. A., Ge, L., Mao, D. R., Neo, H. N., Molina, J. A. D. C., & Seow, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111228 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Aubouin-Bonnaventure, J., Chevalier, S., Lahiani, F.-J., & Fouquereau, E. (2023) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-01-2023-3584 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
McFadden, P., Neill, R. D., Mallett, J., Manthorpe, J., Gillen, P. A., Moriarty, J., Currie, D., Schroder, H. S., Ravalier, J. M., Nicholl, P., et al. (2021) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab198 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This high representation of a larger female sample is similar to previous research and is representative of the profession (Batra et al., 2020; Holmes et al., 2021).”
ResultMensinger, J. L., Brom, H. M., Havens, D. S., Costello, A., D’Annunzio, C., Durning, J. D., Bradley, P. K., Copel, L. C., Maldonado, L. T., Smeltzer, S. C., et al. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151517 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“, CHAMPS Registry) hospital-based registered nurses' emotional distress to rates reported among healthcare workers reported in two recent meta-analyses (Batra et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021) which comprised of 79,437 and 97,333 globally-based healthcare workers, respectively.”
BackgroundHarsini, A. Z., Gilbert‐Ouimet, M., Langlois, L., Biron, C., Pelletier, J., Beaulieu, M., & Truchon, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.006 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cheng, C. K. T., Chua, J. H., Cheng, L. J., Ang, W. H. D., & Lau, Y. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13558 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia
Norhayati, M. N., Yusof, R. C., & Azman, M. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179157 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“This prevalence was similar to a review of 50 studies [102] but higher compared to previous reviews [6,19,20] and lower than another review of 40 studies among nurses [103].”
BackgroundResultLópez-Atanes, M., Pijoán-Zubizarreta, J. I., González-Briceño, J. P., Leonés-Gil, E. M., Recio-Barbero, M., González-Pinto, A. M., Segarra, R., & Sáenz-Herrero, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.692215 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Aguglia, A., Amerio, A., Costanza, A., Parodi, N., Copello, F., Serafini, G., & Amore, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126579 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Recent clinical studies confirmed these results, demonstrating a higher prevalence in young females with less working experience, particularly in nurses and in frontline staff compared to the medical doctor’ population and second-line staff, respectively [14,22,24,28,31,43].”
ResultPsychological Intervention to Promote Resilience in Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Han, S. J., & Yeun, Y.-R. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010073 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“[2], and suicide rates increased [3].”
Kayrouz, R., Karin, E., Staples, L., Dear, B. F., Nielssen, O. B., & Titov, N. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06848-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sfeir, E., Rabil, J.-M., Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., & Khalife, M. F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12733-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fattori, A., Comotti, A., Mazzaracca, S., Consonni, D., Bordini, L., Colombo, E. M., Brambilla, P., & Bonzini, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054586 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Being female and younger were not significant risk factors for impaired mental health in contrast with previous results and pandemic-related literature, which showed women at higher risk for mental health disturbances and quality of life disruption beyond occupational role [5,8,51,52]; however, we should also take int…”
ResultHendrikx, I. E. M., Vermeulen, S. C. G., Wientjens, V. L. W., & Mannak, R. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19126968 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“9%) [4,5], threatening the continuity of care delivered by them and their teams [6–9].”
BackgroundLevante, A., Martis, C., Bianco, F., Castelli, I., Petrocchi, S., & Lecciso, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1182309 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“, 2020)—for instance, high levels of stress amongst health care professionals (Batra et al., 2020; Muller et al., 2020; Newby et al., 2020; Franklin and Gkiouleka, 2021) and low levels of wellbeing”
BackgroundCorbaz-Kurth, S., Juvet, T. M., Benzakour, L., Cereghetti, S., Fournier, C.-A., Moullec, G., Nguyen, A., Suard, J.-C., Vieux, L., Wozniak, H., et al. (2022) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105879 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Women, nurses and frontline workers were more at risk of anxiety and depression than men, doctors and secondary-line workers (Batra et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBoucher, V. G., Dahl, M., Lee, J., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M. R., & Puterman, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.109 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
‘Young saplings on fire’ newly graduated nurses in the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative study
Kovancı, M. S., & Özbaş, A. A. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13460 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Carazo, S., Pelletier, M., Talbot, D. C., Jauvin, N., Serres, G. D., & Vézina, M. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002487 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis about the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs reported a 12-study pooled prevalence of psychological distress of 46%, but the studies used different distress measurement tools, did not asses the relationship with work and were highly heterogeneous [3].”
MethodResultChan, L. S., Liu, R. K. W., Lam, T. P., Chen, J. Y., Tipoe, G. L., & Ganotice, F. A. (2022) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2022.2044635 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Psychiatric Issues Among Health Professionals
Braquehais, M. D., & Vargas-Cáceres, S. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Researchers have widely analyzed the mental health consequences of this epidemic crisis on HPs and their findings have been publicized by traditional and social media around the world.(7,16)”
BackgroundAnalyses of burn-out among medical professionals and suggested solutions—a narrative review
Tanios, M. A., Haberman, D., Bouchard, J., Motherwell, M., & Patel, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy · doi:10.21037/jhmhp-20-153 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Based on a recent review of nearly 80,000 health care workers anxiety, depression, stress, posttraumatic stress disorder and insomnia are increasingly being reported as cofactors of burnout (12).”
BackgroundLee, H.-L., Wilson, K. S., Bernstein, C., Naicker, N., Yassi, A., & Spiegel, J. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159722 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Turcu-Ştiolică, A., Bogdán, M., Subtirelu, M.-S., Meca, A.-D., Tăerel, A.-E., Iaru, I., Kamusheva, M., & Petrova, G. I. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10040864 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“reported higher levels of depression, distress and behavioral dysfunctionalities among female health workers who have prolonged contact with patients [5].”
BackgroundWorking conditions and well-being in UK social care and social work during COVID-19
Ravalier, J. M., McFadden, P., Gillen, P. A., Mallett, J., Nicholl, P., Neill, R. D., Manthorpe, J., Moriarty, J., Schroder, H. S., & Currie, D. (2022) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/14680173221109483 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“However, this higher representation of females involved in the study is largely reflective of the majority composition of the social work and social care profession (Batra et al., 2020; Holmes et al., 2021).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Jiang, W., Bohan, L., Wu, Q., Li, Q., Ruting, G., Silong, G., Tuo, M., Li, H., & Lili, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.945993 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rossettini, G., Conti, C., Suardelli, M., Geri, T., Palese, A., Turolla, A., Lovato, A., Gianola, S., & Dell’Isola, A. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab143 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
McFadden, P., Neill, R. D., Moriarty, J., Gillen, P. A., Mallett, J., Manthorpe, J., Currie, D., Schroder, H. S., Ravalier, J. M., Nicholl, P., et al. (2021) · Epidemiologia · doi:10.3390/epidemiologia2030017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“However, this gender composition is similar to previous research which involves a larger female participant sample in comparison to males [11,21,47,85,86] and is representative of the composition of the workforce, as females account for 70 percent of the surveyed workforces [42,71].”
ResultAlzahrani, N. S., Almarwani, A. M., Asiri, S. A., Alharbi, H. F., & Alhowaymel, F. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912157 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chen, D., Ni, Y., Lu, J., Wang, Y., Qi, Q., & Zhai, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1250623 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have highlighted the impact of occupational stress on healthcare workers’ mental health during the pandemic (6, 8, 9).”
BackgroundCyr, S., Marcil, M.-J., Houchi, C., Marin, M., Rosa, C., Tardif, J., Guay, S., Guertin, M., Genest, C., Forest, J., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04457-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hasen, A. A., Seid, A. A., & Mohammed, A. A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070367 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This was higher than the prevalence of stress among older HCWs 40.3% 34 and 42.1% 32 in Chinese HCWs, lower than study in Egypt 66.6%.”
ResultInfluentialResilience and Mental-Health Symptoms in ICU Healthcare Professionals Facing Repeated COVID-19 Waves
Azoulay, É., Pochard, F., Argaud, L., Cariou, A., Clère-Jehl, R., Guisset, O., Labbé, V., Tamion, F., Bruneel, F., Jourdain, M., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202305-0806oc · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“(23).”
Sources of Health Anxiety for Hospital Staff Working during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Shayganfard, M., Mahdavi, F., Haghighi, M., Bahmani, D. S., & Brand, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063094 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“[11], in their metaanalysis, summarized results from 65 studies, including 79,437 hospital staff members, and they reported the following prevalence rates: anxiety: 34.”
BackgroundHarris, S., Jenkinson, E., Carlton, E. W., Roberts, T., & Daniels, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413067 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Evidence has shown that mental health outcomes in the pandemic vary by professional group [5,6,31], meaning further research is needed to gain insight into the experiences of other HCW groups following two waves of the pandemic.”
BackgroundSon, H. S., Kim, K., Cho, I., Lee, J., Choi, J. M., Kil, K., Kim, J.-H., Hong, Y., Ahn, M. H., & Chung, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735016 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tashiro, T., Maeda, N., Tsutsumi, S., Komiya, M., Arima, S., Mizuta, R., Fukui, K., Nishikawa, Y., & Urabe, Y. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03997-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis conducted early in the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that mental health problems among health professionals were exacerbated and that more attention should be paid to psychosocial impacts [13].”
BackgroundSchmuck, J., Hiebel, N., Kriegsmann-Rabe, M., Schneider, J. N., Matthias, J.-K., Erim, Y., Morawa, E., Jerg‐Bretzke, L., Beschoner, P., Albus, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116545 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Reviewing 65 studies from mostly Asian countries, Batra et al. (2020) showed that the pooled prevalence of anxiety and depression in HCW was 34% and 32%, respectively [6].”
BackgroundFu, F., Ji, Q., Chen, Y., & Cao, Q. P. (2022) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2022.2101582 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Indeed most studies concerned with the mental health of medical staff during the pandemic (Batra et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2020; Shen et al., 2020) have focused on doctors and nurses (Man et al., 2021), or “medical staff in inpatient and outpatient departments” (Ness et al., 2021), while few…”
BackgroundSikaras, C., Pachi, A., Alikanioti, S., Ilias, Ι., Sideri, E. P., Tselebis, A., & Παναγιώτου, Α. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020126 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Existing studies and meta-analysis report higher levels of burnout among female nurses compared to males (Batra et al., 2020; Alenezi et al., 2024), but results remain inconclusive since other research studies and meta-analysis evidenced contradictory findings on gender differences as to burnout…”
Abdalla, M., Chiuzan, C. C., Shang, Y., Ko, G., Diaz, F., Shaw, K., McMurry, C. L., Cannone, D. E., Sullivan, A. M., Lee, S. A. J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18178970 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sikaras, C., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., Tselebis, A., Pachi, A., Ilias, Ι., & Παναγιώτου, Α. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11030367 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Our results also showed that Greek nurses had among the highest rates of fatigue [9,12,39], anxiety and depression compared to the findings of studies in other countries [6,10,11].”
ResultGriffin, L., & Riley, R. A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055804 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Depression in China During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Liu, W., Yu, F., Geldsetzer, P., Yang, J., Wang, Z., Golden, T. R., Jiao, L., Chen, Q., Liu, H., Wu, P., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056667 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A meta-review of psychological resilience during COVID-19
Seaborn, K., Henderson, K., Jacek Gwizdka, A., & Chignell, M. (2022) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-022-00005-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…social support 6 20 – 23, Organisational Provide training and/or intervention programmes 6 17 – 22 ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very low Provide social support 6 19,21,22,46,47,53 Insuf fi cient evidence Provide mental health support 4 19,21 – 23 Insuf fi cient evidence Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) 5 19…”
Beschoner, P., Jerg-Bretzke, L., Erim, Y., Geiser, F., Baranowski, A., Weidner, K., Albus, C., Schug, C., Limbrecht-Ecklundt, K., Weimer, K., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287509 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Abdoli, N., Farnia, V., Jahangiri, S., Radmehr, F., Alikhani, M., Abdoli, P., Davarinejad, O., Dürsteler, K. M., Brühl, A. B., Bahmani, D. S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126289 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pigati, P. A. D. S., Righetti, R. F., Nisiaymamoto, B. T. C., Saraiva-Romanholo, B. M., & Tibério, I. D. F. L. C. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.049 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A total of 65 studies were included and showed a higher prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, posttraumatic stress syndrome, insomnia, psychological distress, and burnout among these professionals (Batra et al., 2020).”
Morales-Montoya, M., Córdova-Limaylla, N. E., Briceño‐Vergel, G., Castañeda, M. I. L., Garcia-Luna, G., Cachay-Criado, H., Cervantes‐Ganoza, L., & Cayo-Rojas, C. F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18899-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kapoor, N. R., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Zebari, D. A., Kumar, K., Mohammed, M. A., Al‐Waisy, A. S., & Albahar, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416862 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus” (SARS-CoV) (2002), influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) (2009), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012), Ebola virus (2013), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a few of the deadliest viral pandemics that have had…”
BackgroundNishizaki, Y., Nagasaki, K., Shikino, K., Kurihara, M., Shinozaki, T., Kataoka, K., Shimizu, T., Yamamoto, Y., Fukui, S., Nishiguchi, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066348 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bureau, R., Bemmouna, D., Faria, C. G. F., Goethals, A.-A. C., Douhet, F., Mengin, A. C., Fritsch, A., Bertschy, A. Z., Frey, I., & Weiner, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.760678 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Indeed, front line healthcare workers are exposed to more stressors such as increased workload, elevated exposure to deaths and severe cases, risk of contamination and unpredictable working conditions (Batra et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2021), which increase their risk of experiencing distress and burnout (Jalili et al.”
BackgroundNurses’ mental health from early COVID‐19 pandemic to vaccination
Kim, S. C., Rankin, L., & Ferguson, J. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12760 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evaluation of COVID-19 ECHO training program for healthcare workers in India - A Mixed-Method Study
Panda, R., Mishra, N., Lahoti, S., Prabhu, R. R., Mishra, A., Singh, K., & Rai, K. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08288-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ahn, M. H., Shin, Y. W., Suh, S., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, K.-U., & Chung, S. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9nxth · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gonella, S., Giulio, P. D., Antal, A., Cornally, N., Martin, P., Campagna, S., & Dimonte, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052504 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Therefore, targeted interventions and resources to improve resilience and communication skills among frontline HCPs would be beneficial [21,24].”
BackgroundJiménez-Giménez, M., Escribano-Martínez, A. S., OLTRA, M. F., Bonilla-Rodríguez, J., Sánchez, B. G., Rojo-Tejero, N., Sánchez-González, M. Á., & Muñoz-Lorenzo, L. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01253-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Masoumi, M., Shokraee, K., Mohammadi, S., Moradi, S., Bagherzadeh, M., Balasi, J., & Smiley, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010136 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nonaka, S., Makiishi, T., Nishimura, Y., Nagasaki, K., Shikino, K., Izumiya, M., Moriya, M., Sadohara, M., Ohtake, Y., & Kuriyama, A. (2021) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8118-21 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shechter, A., Chiuzan, C. C., Shang, Y., Ko, G., Diaz, F., Venner, H. K., Shaw, K., Cannone, D. E., McMurry, C. L., Sullivan, A. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010262 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Covid-19 and mental health of children and adolescents: A systematic review
Aarah‐Bapuah, M., Oppong, S. S., Yawson, A. O., Dzansi, G., & Adjorlolo, S. (2022) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2111849 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Most of these reports have focused on adults, including healthcare workers (Batra et al., 2020; Muller et al., 2020; Newby et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAlrasheed, M. M., Alrasheed, S., & Alqahtani, A. S. (2022) · Saudi Journal of Health Systems Research · doi:10.1159/000525209 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Batra, K., Singh, T. P., Sharma, M., Batra, R., & Schvaneveldt, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Department of Information Technology and Testing Center of Excellence, Coforge, Atlanta, GA 30338, USA
- Corresponding author
- Batra, Kavita
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-05
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 9096
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7730003
- OpenAlex
- W3111432422
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 73
- FWCI
- 5.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers, psychological impact, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, psychological distress, burnout, nurses, gender differences, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Pandemics
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