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A systematic review and meta-analysis of substance use among medical students in India

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Sahu, Anamika, Bhati, Nikita, Sarkar, Siddharth·2022·Indian Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_672_21PMC PMC9290412
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Abstract

Background and Aims: Substance use among medical students may have consequences like poor academic performance and impaired patient care. There is a growing literature on substance use among medical students in India. This systematic review and meta-analysis were done to synthesize the literature on substance use among medical students in India. Methods: Medline and Google Scholar were used as search engines to ascertain the literature that reported substance use among Indian medical students from January 2000 to January 2022. The pooled prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, other substance, and overall substance use was computed. Results: A total of 65 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of tobacco use was 21.9% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 18.5% to 25.3%, n = 20,165, k = 51), while the pooled prevalence of alcohol use was 27.1% (95% CI of 23.0% to 31.1%, n = 11,823, k = 31). The overall pooled prevalence of substance use was 40.3% (95% CI of 25.5% to 55.2%, n = 4960, k = 10), while pooled prevalence of cannabis was 8.2% (95% CI of 4.9% to 11.5%, n = 2418, k = 7). The use of tobacco was about 10 times higher in males than females, while the odds of alcohol use were about five times higher in males. Conclusion: Substance use is common among medical students, with rates of substance use being generally higher in males as compared to females. Targeted interventions may help to reduce substance use and prevent the development of substance use disorders in this population.

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Crossref · 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_672_21

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Figure 1 Identification of studies
Figure 1 Identification of studiesCC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Rates of tobacco use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportion
Figure 2 Rates of tobacco use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportionCC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Rates of alcohol use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportion
Figure 3 Rates of alcohol use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportionCC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Rates of other substance use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportion
Figure 4 Rates of other substance use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportionCC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Rates of overall substance use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportion
Figure 5 Rates of overall substance use among medical students. Estimates represent the prevalence figures as proportion with 95% CIs. The squares represent the individual studies while the diamond represents the pooled prevalence (center of the diamond) with CIs (ends of the diamond). The X axis represents the prevalence measured as proportionCC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. Jagnany, 2008, Pattern of substance abuse among the undergraduate students in a medical college hostel, Health Popul-Perspect Issues, 31, 212
  2. Gupta, 2012, Prevalence of use of tobacco among male medical students in IGMC Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, J Int Med Sci Acad, 25, 241
  3. Hameedkunju, 2018, Prevalence of smoking among male medical students in a tertiary medical care centrein Kerala, Amrita J Med, 14, 30
  4. Aggarwal, 2012, Habits and beliefs pertaining to tobacco among undergraduates of a medical college in the state of Uttarakhand, J Indian Acad Clin Med, 13, 189
  5. Bandopadhyay, 2013, Study of prevalence of smoking and knowledge, attitude and practice among medical student of Burdwan Medical College, West Bengal, India, Int Med Appl Sci, 2, 52
  6. Bartwal, 2014, Awareness and pattern of tobacco use among the medical students of government medical college, Indian J Community Health, 26, 155
  7. Das, 2015, Tobacco use among undergraduate students in a medical college of Assam, India, Int J Health Sci Res, 5, 1
  8. Datta, 2015, A study of substance abuse among medical students of a medical college in Kolkata, Indian J Hyg Public Health Kolkata, 1, 48
  9. Haldar, 2018, Substance abuse among the undergraduate students of a medical college of Kolkata, Int J Res Rev, 5, 182
  10. Jambaiah, 2015, Study of knowledge, attitude and practice of tobacco consumption among 1st year medical students of S. Nijalingappa medical college in Bagalkot city, Innovatica, 4, 1
  11. Kumar, 2016, Pattern of substance abuse among undergraduate medical students in Central India:A cross sectional institutional study, Int J Health Sci Res, 6, 43
  12. Padhy, 2014, Prevalence and causes of substance abuse among undergraduate medical college students, Ind Med Gaz, 148, 276
  13. Singh, 2014, Knowledge, attitude and practice related to tobacco use and its cessation among young medical professionals, Indian J Soc Psychiatry, 30, 35
  14. Singh, 2016, Prevalence of tobacco smoking and KAP about smoking among students of a private medical college in Central Kerala, Int J Public Health Res, 3, 195
  15. Sathish, 2013, Alcohol consumption among undergraduate MBBS students in Rims, Imphal, Int J Sci Res, 4, 59

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Metadata

Authors
Sahu, A., Bhati, N., & Sarkar, S.
Affiliations
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
Corresponding author
Sarkar, Siddharth
ORCID
Venue
Indian Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2022-05
Volume
64
Issue
3
Pages
225-239
ISSN
  • 0019-5545 (ISSN-L)
  • 1998-3794
DOI
10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_672_21
PMC
PMC9290412
OpenAlex
W4285242866
Cited by
23
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-sa
Locations
  • Indian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords
substance use, medical students, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, cannabis use, prevalence, sex differences, India, substance use disorders

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