Virtual Assistive Companions for Older Adults: Qualitative Field Study and Design Implications
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a qualitative study conducted to explore perceptions, attitudes and expectations for a virtual assistive companion designed to supplement human caregiving and facilitate an improved quality of life and long-term health benefits for older adults. The study was conducted adopting a
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Practice of Social Research
Neustadtl, A., & Babbie, E. R. (1989) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1318433 · Cited by 14,424 · see citing works
The Practice of Social Research.
Williams, D. G., & Babbie, E. R. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2062956 · Cited by 7,222 · see citing works
The Practice Of Social Research
Babbie, E. (1998) · Tamkang University Institutional Repository (TKUIR) · Cited by 2,854 · see citing works
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
Bickmore, T. W., & Picard, R. W. (2005) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/1067860.1067867 · Cited by 1,333 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Virtual computer-animated characters, also known as Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) [12], have attracted a lot of attention over the past years and have been successfully used in health interventions, including several designed specifically for older users [2, 8, 26, 30].”
BackgroundAssessing Acceptance of Assistive Social Agent Technology by Older Adults: the Almere Model
Heerink, M., Kröse, B., Evers, V., & Wielinga, B. (2010) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-010-0068-5 · Cited by 1,229 · see citing works
Socially intelligent robots: Dimensions of human-robot interaction
Dautenhahn, K. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.2004 · Cited by 1,210 · see citing works
The Handbook of health behavior change
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-6233 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Establishing the computer-patient working alliance in automated health behavior change interventions
Bickmore, T., Gruber, A., & Picard, R. (2005) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.09.008 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Embodied conversational interface agents
Cassell, J. (2000) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/332051.332075 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
'It's just like you talk to a friend': relational agents for older adults
Bickmore, T. W., Caruso, L., Clough-Gorr, K., & Heeren, T. (2005) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2005.09.002 · Cited by 341 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Virtual agents that will be used for extended periods of time require special design considerations compared to systems that are either only used for brief interactions or do not engage the user in social interaction [6].”
BackgroundHorn, J. L. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_14 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of an automated exercise coach for older adults
Bickmore, T. W., Silliman, R. A., Nelson, K., Cheng, D. M., Winter, M., Henault, L., & Paasche‐Orlow, M. K. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12449 · Cited by 305 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Results of a two month trial that investigated exercise promotion showed increased physical activity for participants using a virtual exercise coach compared to those using a conventional pedometer [5].”
BackgroundRelational agents : effecting change through human-computer relationships
Bickmore, T. (2003) · Cited by 252 · see citing works
MAINTAINING ENGAGEMENT IN LONG-TERM INTERVENTIONS WITH RELATIONAL AGENTS
Bickmore, T., Schulman, D., & Yin, L. (2010) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2010.492259 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Roles and functions of robots in human society: implications from research in autism therapy
Dautenhahn, K. (2003) · Robotica · doi:10.1017/s0263574703004922 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The effects of affective interventions in human–computer interaction
Partala, T., & Surakka, V. (2004) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2003.12.001 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Designing Relational Agents as Long Term Social Companions for Older Adults
Vardoulakis, L. P., Ring, L., Barry, B., Sidner, C. L., & Bickmore, T. (2012) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33197-8_30 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The r FaceReader: Online facial expression recognition.
y l, D. U. (2005) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
More Than Just Another Pretty Face: Embodied Conversational Interface Agents
Cassell, J. (1999) · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Making Them Remember—Emotional Virtual Characters with Memory
Kasap, Z., Moussa, M. B., Chaudhuri, P., & Magnenat‐Thalmann, N. (2009) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/mcg.2009.26 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Ring, L., Barry, B. A., Totzke, K., & Bickmore, T. (2013) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2013.17 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
This computer responds to user frustration
Klein, J., Moon, Y., & Picard, R. W. (1999) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/632716.632866 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
This Computer Responds to User Frustration Theory, Design, Results, and Implications
Klein, J., Moon, Y., & Picard, R. W. (2002) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Taft, L. B. (1985) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/00012272-198510000-00009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction
Dautenhahn, K. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199216543.003.0014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A virtual laboratory for studying long-term relationships between humans and virtual agents
Bickmore, T., & Schulman, D. J. (2009) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.65109/xdra5701 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Disappearing computers, social actors and embodied agents
Nijholt, A. (2004) · International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW) · doi:10.1109/cyber.2003.1253445 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Relational Agents: A Critical Review
Campbell, R. H., Grimshaw, M., & Green, G. M. (2009) · The Open Virtual Reality Journal · doi:10.2174/1875323x00901010001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Toward socially responsible agents: integrating attachment and learning in emotional decision‐making
Moussa, M. B., & Magnenat‐Thalmann, N. (2013) · Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds · doi:10.1002/cav.1515 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The senior companion multiagent dialogue system
Pinto, H., Wilks, Y. A., Catizone, R., & Dingli, A. (2008) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.65109/rnbn1954 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The senior companion multiagent dialogue system
Pinto, H., Wilks, Y. A., Catizone, R., et al. (2008) · OAR@UM (University of Malta) · doi:10.5555/1402821.1402842 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ethical Issues in Using Relational Agents for Older Adults.
Bickmore, T. (2005) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [20]20. Mori, M. et al. 2012. The Uncanny Valley. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine. 19, 2 (Jun. 2012), 98-100.
- [25]25. Pollack, M.E. 2005. Intelligent Technology for an Aging Population: The Use of AI to Assist Elders With Cognitive Impairment. AI Magazine. 26, 2 (2005), 9-24.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Internet of things for remote elderly monitoring: a study from user-centered perspective
Azimi, I., Rahmani, A. M., Liljeberg, P., & Tenhunen, H. (2016) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-016-0387-y · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Creating New Technologies for Companionable Agents to Support Isolated Older Adults
Sidner, C. L., Bickmore, T., Nooraie, B., Rich, C., Ring, L., Shayganfar, M., & Vardoulakis, L. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3213050 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Stigall, B., Waycott, J., Baker, S., & Caine, K. (2019) · Proceedings of the 31st Australian Conference on Human-Computer-Interaction · doi:10.1145/3369457.3369506 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mostajeran, F., Steinicke, F., Ariza, O., Gatsios, D. A., & Fotiadis, D. I. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376565 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Irfan, B., Kuoppamäki, S., Hosseini, A., & Skantze, G. (2025) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-025-10190-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gender Stereotypes in Virtual Agents
Nag, P., & Yalçın, Ö. N. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA) · doi:10.1145/3383652.3423876 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Griffin, A. C., Khairat, S., Bailey, S. C., & Chung, A. E. (2023) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad073 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Jegundo, A. L., Dantas, C., Quintas, J., Dutra, J., Almeida, A. L., Caravau, H., Rosa, A. F., Martins, A. I., & Pacheco Rocha, N. (2020) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies8030042 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Virtual Assistive Companion for Older Adults: Design Implications for a Real-World Application
Tsiourti, C., Ben Moussa, M., Quintas, J., Loke, B., Jochem, I., Lopes, J. A., & Konstantas, D. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56994-9_69 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationElder user’s attitude toward assistive virtual agents: the role of voice and gender
Esposito, A. A., Amorese, T., Cuciniello, M., Riviello, M. T., Esposito, A. M., Troncone, A., Torres, M. I., Schlögl, S., & Cordasco, G. (2019) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-019-01423-x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Examining Identity as a Variable of Health Technology Research for Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Harrington, C., Martin-Hammond, A. M., & Bray, K. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517621 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Desai, S., & Chin, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581507 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Smart conversational agents for reminiscence
Nikitina, S., Callaioli, S., & Báez, M. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3195555.3195567 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Schlomann, A., Wahl, H.-W., Zentel, P., Heyl, V., Knapp, L., Opfermann, C., Krämer, T., & Rietz, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Straßmann, C., Krämer, N. C., Buschmeier, H., & Kopp, S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13726 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Kafka, J. X., Hlavacs, H., Beutl, L., Kryspin‐Exner, I., & Felnhofer, A. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0691 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Troncone, A., Amorese, T., Cuciniello, M., Saturno, R., Pugliese, L., Cordasco, G., Vogel, C. M., & Esposito, A. A. (2020) · Acta Polytechnica Hungarica · doi:10.12700/aph.17.2.2020.2.10 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The CaMeLi Framework—A Multimodal Virtual Companion for Older Adults
Tsiourti, C., Quintas, J., Ben-Moussa, M., Hanke, S., Nijdam, N. A., & Konstantas, D. (2018) · Studies in Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69266-1_10 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual carers for the elderly: A case study review of ethical responsibilities
Garner, T. A., Powell, W. A., & Carr, V. (2016) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207616681173 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ben‐Moussa, M., Rubo, M., Debracque, C., & Lange, W. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00026 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationManiar, N., Chan, S., Zulfikar, W. D., Ren, S., Xu, C., & Maes, P. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3708359.3712151 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Aumüller, A., Winklbauer, A., Schreibmaier, B., Batinic, B., & Mara, M. (2024) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-024-01830-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Survey of Cognitive Assistants
Costa, Â., Nováis, P., & Julián, V. (2017) · Intelligent systems reference library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62530-0_1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Voice Assistants for Mental Health Services: Designing Dialogues with Homebound Older Adults
Wong, N., Jeong, S., Reddy, M. C., Stamatis, C. A., Lattie, E. G., & Jacobs, M. L. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661536 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Torres, M. I., Olaso, J. M., Montenegro, C., Santana, R., Vázquez, A., Justo, R., Lozano, J. A., Schlögl, S., Chollet, G., Dugan, N., et al. (2019) · International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA) · doi:10.1145/3316782.3322764 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Esposito, A. A., Amorese, T., Cuciniello, M., Esposito, A. M., & Cordasco, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1138501 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Troncone, A., Saturno, R., Buonanno, M., Pugliese, L., Cordasco, G., Vogel, C. M., & Esposito, A. A. (2021) · Acta Polytechnica Hungarica · doi:10.12700/aph.18.1.2021.1.3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Towards Contributory Development by the Means of Services as Common Goods
Yurchyshyna, A. (2015) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14980-6_2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Naseri, M. M., Tabibian, S., & Homayounvala, E. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102421 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Designing and evaluating safety services using depth cameras
Mettel, M. R., Alekseew, M., Stocklöw, C., & Braun, A. (2018) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-018-0898-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Exploring Trust in Human-Agent Collaboration
Schwaninger, I., Fitzpatrick, G., & Weiss, A. (2019) · Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) · doi:10.18420/ecscw2019_ep08 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The EMPATHIC Project: Mid-term AchievementsPreprint
Torres, M. I., Olaso, J. M., Montenegro, C., Santana, R., Vázquez, A., Justo, R., Lozano, J. A., Schlögl, S., Chollet, G., Dugan, N., et al. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.01878 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Survey of Conversational Agents and Their Applications for Self-Management of Chronic Conditions
Park, M. S., Upama, P. B., Anik, A. A., Ahamed, S. I., Luo, J., Tian, S., Rabbani, M., & Oh, H. (2023) · IEEE Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC) · doi:10.1109/compsac57700.2023.00162 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zsoldos, I., Trân, E., Fournier, H., Tarpin-Bernard, F., Fruitet, J., Fouillen, M., Bailly, G., Elisei, F., Bouchot, B., Constant, P., et al. (2024) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/48129 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Look who's talking: appearance of embodied conversational agents in eHealth
ter Stal, S. (2021) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036551267 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Aware Intelligent Virtual Agent's Effect on Social Presence and Empathy of Caregivers
Ahmmed, A., Butts, E., Naeiji, K., Thiamwong, L., Ancis, J., & Daher, S. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents · doi:10.1145/3652988.3673951 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cereghetti, D. M., Kleanthous, S., Christophorou, C., Tsiourti, C., Wings, C., & Christodoulou, E. (2015) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSin, J., Munteanu, C., Chen, D., & Threatt, J. G. (2022) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2022.2098129 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Measuring Subconscious Gender Biases against Male and Female Virtual Agents in Japan
Koda, T., Tsuji, S., & Takase, M. (2022) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction · doi:10.1145/3527188.3563909 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Co-designing an Embodied e-Coach With Older Adults: The Tangible Coach Journey
Kamali, M. E., Angelini, L., Caon, M., Dulake, N., Chamberlain, P., Craig, C., Standoli, C. E., Andreoni, G., Khaled, O. A., & Mugellini, E. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2171332 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mediguide: Reducing Cognitive Load and Improving Elderly Patients' Healthcare Experience
Liu, M., & Su, Y. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3706701 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Usability Evaluation of a Virtual Assistive Companion
Jegundo, A., Dantas, C., Quintas, J. M., Dutra, J., Almeida, A. L., Caravau, H., Rosa, A. F., Martins, A. I., Queirós, A., & Rocha, N. P. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16184-2_67 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jin, T., Wang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2023) · International Symposium of Chinese CHI (Chinese CHI) · doi:10.1145/3629606.3629624 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exploring Interactions with Companion Virtual Agents
Calvo, R. L., Wang, H., Barquero, A. D., Zhang, X., Venkatakrishnan, R., & Ruiz, J. R. (2025) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3765766.3765791 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Towards Truly Affective AAL Systems
Pudāne, M., Petroviča, S., Lavendelis, E., & Ekenel, H. K. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10752-9_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gustafson, J., Székely, É., & Beskow, J. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA) · doi:10.1145/3570945.3607289 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The influence of virtual character actions and emotional expressions on trust in autonomous vehicles
Tran, T. T. H., Peillard, É., Walsh, J., Moreau, G., & Thomas, B. H. (2026) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-026-01334-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tuah, N. M., B.Willis, G., & Ranchhod, A. (2018) · EAI Endorsed Transactions on Game-Based Learning · doi:10.4108/eai.4-1-2018.153530 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intelligent Support Technologies for Older People: An Analysis of Characteristics and Roles
Petrie, H., Darzentas, J. S., & Carmien, S. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75028-6_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Participatory Design of Historytelling Voice Assistance with Older Adults
Volkmann, T., Sengpiel, M., Karam, R., & Jochems, N. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52677-1_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boumans, R., Thill, S., Gerritsen, D. L., & Bosse, T. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88045-2_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
EvoK: Connecting loved ones through Heart Rate sharingPreprint
Shandilya, E., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., & Fan, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.10685 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Feledichuk, D. (2019) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-9avb-gq80
Jin, T., He, L., Zhang, W., Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3759739
Li, J., Hu, Y., Fu, S., Wu, Z., Hui, P., Wang, H., & Fan, M. (2024) · International Symposium of Chinese CHI (Chinese CHI) · doi:10.1145/3758871.3758911
- Authors
- Tsiourti, C., Joly, E., Wings, C., Ben Moussa, M., & Wac, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Zuyderland Medisch Centrum (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Tsiourti, Christiana
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare
- Publisher
- ICST
- Published
- 2014
- ISSN
- 2153-1633 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2046077605
- Semantic Scholar
- 45eff11d177cdcc1d27d8e03389653a708f20d74
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- older adults, human-robot interaction, caregiving, quality of life, user perception, assistive technology design, long-term health benefits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review