The DOI matches its Crossref record.
National Institute of Justice
Abstract
for
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Factors Influencing Attitudes to Violence Against Women
Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838009334131 · Cited by 745
Organizational stressors and police performance
Shane, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008 · Cited by 389
Understanding Economic Abuse in the Lives of Survivors
Postmus, J. L., Plummer, S.-B., McMahon, S., Murshid, N. S., & Kim, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260511421669 · Cited by 318
What Do We Know About Gangs and Gang Members and Where Do We Go From Here?
Decker, S. H., Melde, C., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.732101 · Cited by 271
Lohman, B. J., Neppl, T. K., Senia, J. M., & Schofield, T. J. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9923-7 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 2004
- OpenAlex
- W2730056844
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 0
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: National Institute of Justice. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4135/9781412952415.n325
- The paper
- National Institute of Justice. (2004). Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952415.n325
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
