Realism and Social Science

“They work through generative mechanisms, which are understood as the unobservable real processes through which the powers are exercised (Sayer, 2000).”

“Conditions have facilitating or hampering effects on the mechanisms (Sayer, 2000: 14– 15).”

“Gender may not have an essence, but that has nothing to do with capitalism, they argued (see Sayer 2000).”

“From an ontological perspective, critical realism explains that it is possible to understand ‘how we could be or become many things which currently we are not’ (Sayer 2000, 12).”

“Pozitivizmin kapalı-sistem deneylerine karşı, eleştirel realizm toplumsal ve doğal dünyada açık sistemler olduğunu, bu nedenle nedenselliğin istatistiksel düzenlilikten değil, nedensel güç ve eğilimlerden anlaşılabileceğini savunmaktadır (Sayer, 2000).”

“Furthermore, he understood how they contingently interact (Outhwaite 1998).”

“The study is broadly situated within the tradition of critical realism, balancing a realist ontology with a constructivist epistemology (Archer 1995; Sayer 2000).”

“In the following layer of analysis, I comment on Emily’s narrative by abstracting various components (Sayer, 2000), as I address the research questions.”

“‘ … situations in which the conjunction of two or more features or aspects give rise to new phenomena, which have properties irreducible to those of their constituents, even though the latter are necessary for their existence’ (Sayer, 1999; quoted in Knio 2018, 400).”

“For example, Sayer (2000) argues that ‘ what it is to be a tutor ’ , or someone who educates, ‘ cannot be explained at the level of individuals but only in terms of their relation to students, and vice versa ’ (13).”

“As Andrew Sayer (1999) suggests, meaningful social science must oscillate between theoretical abstraction and empirical concreteness.”

“Retroductive analysis takes the ground already established by abduction and extends it, undermining the generative bases of CR research by disclosing generative mechanisms — causal powers residing in structures and contexts that generate observable events (Bhaskar, 1978; Sayer, 2000).”

“…for the context of developing countries, particularly, in Saudi Arabia, b) a methodological contribution to existing literature by proposing CR [17-19], c) a contribution to practice by providing guidelines for social media users including citizens as well as government officials to better…”

“36-38 The authors met regularly throughout the review, extraction, and analysis process to discuss the review stages, progress, and team reflections.”

“This article demonstrates the explanatory power of lay morality and the moral economy (Sayer, 2000a, 2010; Thompson, 1971) in understanding how solidarity and mobilisation emerge within the labour process.”

“Critical realism assumes that, despite what we see and what exists in the world, changes can occur by identifying and exercising power over certain mechanisms (Sayer, 2000).”

“Critical realists thus insist on contingent, non-linear, open-ended interpretations of the world and can identify “both necessity and possibility or potential in the world — what things must go together, and what could happen, given the nature of the objects” (Sayer, 2000, p. 11).”

“…change in academic social science research, simply expressed as a turn in emphasis from materi-alism to discourse, from ontology to epistemology (Sayer 2000, 32 – 36), from politics to culture, from production to consumption, and from structuralism to post-structuralism (Matthewman and Hoey…”

“Science is still fundamentally about explanation, which is hard work (Sayer, 2000) and Latour ’ s “ assemblage theory ” mostly begs the key questions of how social-natural systems arise, what are their internal relations, and what causal mechanisms are necessary to their reproduction.”

“In a critical departure from the "social constructionism" theory, which is frequently associated with various approaches including discourse analysis [15], Fairclough asserts that the permanence and solidity of social identities in some sense resist the change of discourse.”

“Causal accounts, in short, regard intensive knowledge rather than extensive knowledge (Sayer, 2000, pp. 19–22).”

“The empirical level is where events and actions are experienced and observed through peoples’ filter of perception and interpretation, for example, feeling discriminated against because of other people’s behaviour (Bhaskar, 2008; Danermark, Ekström, & Karlsson, 2019; Fletcher, 2017; Sayer, 1999).”

“The analysis has further been informed by a critical realist (Bhaskar 1975; Sayer 2000) view on hate crime.”

“Como sugiere Andrew Sayer (2000), los discursos en la sociedad pueden ser descriptivos o performativos.”

“…modern critical realism in the social sciences tends to follow that earlier work, as augmented and extended by other theorists (e.g. Gorski 2013; Sayer 2000, p. 170).7 Roy Bhaskar and the Development of Critical Realism The beginning of critical realism dates largely from 1974, when Bhaskar…”

“For example, the team can seamlessly combine five common worldviews that recognize QUAL and QUAN methods such as Camp-bell’s postpositivism, Hacking’s social constructionism, pragmatism, critical realism, and critical theories (Campbell, 1988; De Waal, 2005; Hacking, 1999; Sayer, 2000; Tyson, 2014).”

“Keeping the three domains distinct 40 supports the possibility of explaining the existence of unobservable things by referencing observable effects which can only be explained by the products of these things (Sayer, 2000).”

“This paper employed the concept of power from the critical realism theory (as perceived by Sayer, (2000)) to explain the process of creating enabling conditions for women in the eastern coast of Tanzania.”

“We have followed the philosophical paradigm of critical realism (Sayer, 1994; Sayer, 2000; Bechara & Ven, 2007) in that we are interested in uncovering the underlying mechanisms and structures behind artists’ operating in networks rather than uncovering general laws.”

“Les différents objets, quelque soit leur nature, possèdent une structure distinctive et mettent en œuvre des mécanismes générateurs, c'est-à-dire une capacité d’action ou de réaction qui les rend susceptibles de produire des changements dans leur environnement (Andrew Sayer, 2000).”

“…2014), phenomenology (Relph, 1970; Simonsen, 2013) and post-phenomenology (Ash & Simpson, 2015), existentialism (Samuels, 1978), critical realism (Sayer, 2000), structuration theory (Thrift, 1983), feminist theory (Johnson, 2009), queer theory (Knopp, 2007), poststructuralism (Doel, 1999;…”

“Critical Realism Critical realism is a philosophical stance which attempts to describe a link between the natural and social worlds (Sayer 2000).”

“Sayer (2000) wrote, “appealing to one’s own subjective values as arbiter is simultaneously a way of hiding dogmatism (a ‘god trick’) behind apparent modesty (‘it’s merely my view’) and arrogantly evading philosophical argument” (50).”

“Czysto racjonalistycznie-pozytywistyczna wizja to poszukiwanie adekwatnego, jednoznacznego opisu niezależnych od niego zjawisk albo obiektywnych struktur i mechanizmów generujących te zjawiska, tak jak to ujmuje realizm krytyczny (Sayer 2000: 11).”

“To address this disjunction, the authors explore engaged pluralism (Barnes and Sheppard, 2010) and critical realism (Bhaskar, 1975; Pratt, 2013; Sayer, 2000, 2009) as an epistemological bridge between GCR and postcolonial approaches.”

“…though, regard this as a completely relativistic approach however, but a position wherein I recognise the work of Critical Realism (Layder, 1993; 1998; Sayer, 1992; 2000) and also acknowledge the contributions made by Giddens’ ‘new rules’ of method (1976) and Archer’s realist-morphogenetic…”

“Sayer (2000) pointed that critical realist study tend to ask for the reason for something is to review “what makes it happen”, what “produces”, “creates” “determines” or “generates” it, or, more faintly, what “leads to” or “enables” it (Smith & Elger, 2012).”

“Sayer (2000b) argues that while positivism is rejected by many, the implicit acceptance of an unjustified closed-systems ontology still continues to be used to define research problems and frame their solutions.”