Cited by 538LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyHIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsHIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk

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Internalized Homophobia, Intimacy, and Sexual Behavior among Gay and Bisexual Men

Meyer, Ilan H., Dean, Laura·1998·Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals

DOI 10.4135/9781452243818.n8

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Psychometrics of an Internalized Homophobia Instrument for Men
Theodore, J. L., Shidlo, A., Zemon, V. M., Foley, F. W., Dorfman, D., Dahlman, K. L., & Hamid, S. (2013) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.760304 · Cited by 26
“There is currently a need for more systematic research in this area (Meyer & Dean, 1998; Shidlo, 1994), particularly to (a) strengthen theory behind the constructs of internalized homophobia in diverse populations and (b) examine psychometric characteristics for instruments that currently measure…”
BackgroundInfluential
Bias Crimes Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: Global Prevalence, Impacts, and Causes
Stotzer, R. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9188-0_3 · Cited by 26
“Meyer and Dean (1998) highlight how expe-”
Racial and sexual identities as potential buffers to risky sexual behavior for Black gay and bisexual emerging adult men.
Walker, J. J., Longmire-Avital, B., & Golub, S. A. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000187 · Cited by 27
A structural equation model for predicting depressive symptomatology in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic gay, lesbian and bisexual people in the UK
Jaspal, R., Lopes, B., & Rehman, Z. (2021) · Psychology & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2019.1690560 · Cited by 33
Internalized Homophobia and Suicide Ideation Among Sexual Minority Adults: The Serial Mediation of Core Self-Evaluations and Depression
Munn, M., & James, D. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02316-5 · Cited by 25
“Prolonged exposure to anti-sexual minority social attitudes–through cultural socialization processes–can lead sexual minority individuals to internalize often negative stereotypes about their group, which can influence the development of their identity and self-concept (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
HIV Risk and Protection Among Gay Male Couples: The Role of Gay Community Integration
Fergus, S., Lewis, M. A., Darbes, L. A., & Butterfield, R. M. (2005) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198104271964 · Cited by 26
“In contrast to racial and ethnic minorities (Stevenson, Reed, Bodison, & Bishop, 1997), however, some gay men may not be able to turn to their families or communities of origin to provide this socialization process (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Educational Status and Risk of HIV in Young Gay Men
Janssen, M., de Wit, J. B. F., Stroebe, W., & van Griensven, F. (2000) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910530000500407 · Cited by 24
“There is some evidence that these patterns of psychological distress may be rooted in internalized homophobia (Meyer & Dean, 1998; Stokes & Peterson, 1998), a factor that has been identified as carrying risk for unprotected anal sex in gay men (Meyer & Dean, 1995, 1998).”
Background
Attributions for Discriminatory Events and Satisfaction with Social Support in Gay Men
Burns, M. N., Kamen, C. S., Lehman, K. A., & Beach, S. R. H. (2011) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9822-5 · Cited by 23
“Endorsement of internalized homonegativity by gay men is associated with discomfort socializing with other gay men and has been linked to social isolation and a lack of social support (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Minority stress among homosexual and bisexual individuals – from theoretical concepts to research tools: The Sexual Minority Stress Scale
Iniewicz, G., Sałapa, K., Wrona, M., & Marek, N. (2017) · Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.12740/app/75483 · Cited by 23
“The most common indicators of minority stress are internalized homophobia [31,32], sexism or heterosexism [33,34], or concealment [35].”
Background
Well-Being of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Youth: The Influence of Rural and Urban Contexts on the Process of Building Identity and Disclosure
Agueli, B., Celardo, G., Esposito, C., Arcidiacono, C., Procentese, F., Carbone, A., & Napoli, I. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787211 · Cited by 23
Sexual Orientation and Psychosocial Factors in Terms of Loneliness and Subjective Well-Being in Later Life
Buczak‐Stec, E., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac088 · Cited by 23
Diversity in gender stereotypes? A comparison of heterosexual, gay and lesbian perspectives
Clarke, H. M., & Arnold, K. A. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1437 · Cited by 23
The Cat and the Cloud: ACT for LGBT Locus of Control, Responsibility, and Acceptance
Stitt, A. L. (2014) · Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538605.2014.933469 · Cited by 23
“…anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and social alienation (Beane, 1981; Bockting, 2008; Bradford, 2004; Forstein, 1988; Igartua, Gill, & Montoro, 2003; Kurdek, 1987; Margolies, Becker, & Jackson-Brewer, 1987; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Szymanski & Chung, 2001; Szymanski, Chung, & Balsam, 2001).”
Diversidade sexual e relações profissionais: concepções de médicos e enfermeiros
Vitiritti, B., de Andrade, S. M. O., & Peres, J. E. C. (2016) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2016.4-11 · Cited by 22
An Exploratory Model of Proximal Minority Stress and the Work–Life Interface for Men in Same‐Sex, Dual‐Earner Relationships
Dispenza, F. (2015) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12030 · Cited by 22
Beyond coming out: Relations between lesbian and gay identity formation and psychosocial well-being in young and middle adulthood.
Kranz, D., & Pierrard, M. (2018) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000270 · Cited by 22
“Internalized homophobia was measured with the nine-item Internalized Homophobia Scale (Martin & Dean, 1987; Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Method
Family Relationships and Sexual Orientation Disclosure to Family by Gay and Bisexual Men in Jamaica
White, Y., Sandfort, T. G. M., Morgan, K. A. D., Carpenter, K., & Pierre, R. (2016) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2016.1227015 · Cited by 21
“…of a positive self-concept (Cass, 1979; Coleman, 1982; D’Augelli & Grossman, 2001; Juster, Smith, Ouellet, Sindi, & Lupien, 2013; Meyer, 2003; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Meyer, Schwartz, & Frost, 2008; Sandfort, Bakker, Schellevis, & Vanwesenbeeck, 2009; Sandfort, de Graaf, Bijl, & Schnabel,…”
Internalized Homophobia and Relationship Quality among Same-Sex Couples: The Mediating Role of Intimate Partner Violence
Li, X., Cao, H., Zhou, N., & Mills-Koonce, R. (2019) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1705671 · Cited by 21
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Issues and Family Caregiving
Coon, D. W. (2003) · Cited by 21
Internalized Sexual Orientation Stigma and Mental Health in a Religiously Diverse Sample of Gay and Bisexual Men in Lebanon
Maatouk, I., & Jaspal, R. (2022) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2022.2030617 · Cited by 20
Gender, Age, and Place of Residence as Moderators of the Internalized Homophobia-Depressive Symptoms Relation Among Australian Gay Men and Lesbians
McLaren, S. (2014) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.983376 · Cited by 20
“The construct includes negative global attitudes toward homosexuality, discomfort with disclosure of sexual orientation to others, disconnectedness from other gay individuals, and discomfort with samesex sexual activity (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Perceptions about tactile intimacy in same-sex and opposite-sex pairs based on research participants' sexual orientation.
Derlega, V. J., Catanzaro, D., & Lewis, R. J. (2001) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037//1524-9220.2.2.124 · Cited by 20
The Relationship Between Self-Reported Sexually Explicit Media Consumption and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China
Xu, Y., Zheng, Y., & Rahman, Q. (2017) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.01.002 · Cited by 20
“Studies have provided evidence for the validity of the scale’s psychometric properties.(58,59) An example item is, “I tried to become more sexually attracted to women.”
Background
Anti-Effeminacy Moderates the Relationship Between Masculinity and Internalized Heterosexism Among Gay Men
Murgo, M. A. J., Huynh, K. D., Lee, D. L., & Chrisler, J. C. (2017) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538605.2017.1310008 · Cited by 20
Measurements of Sexuality-Based Stigma among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (GBMSM) in Resource-Poor Settings: A Review
Freeland, R., Rogers, E. Q., van Rooyen, H., Darbes, L. A., Saylor, K., & Stephenson, R. B. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1975-3 · Cited by 20
Comparing Heterosexuals’ and Gay Men/Lesbians’ Responses to Relationship Problems and the Effects of Internalized Homophobia on Gay Men/Lesbians’ Responses to Relationship Problems in Turkey
Okutan, N., Sunal, A. B., & Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2016) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1174028 · Cited by 20
“Researchers (Meyer & Dean, 1998; Shidlo, 1994) have called this situation internalized homophobia.”
Background
LGBT sexuality and gender minority experiences of minority stress: a comparison of models and theories
Moorhead, B., Lewis, H. K., & Arnull, L. G. (2024) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-023-01771-z · Cited by 26
“Internalized homophobia is de ﬁ ned as ‘ the gay person ’ s direction of negative social attitudes toward the self, ’ (Meyer and Dean 1998.”
"A way to liberate myself": A qualitative study of perceived benefits and risks of chemsex among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Almaty, Kazakhstan
Lunchenkov, N., Cherchenko, N., Altynbekov, K. S., Terlikbayeva, A., Primbetova, S., Gryazev, D., German, E., Batyrgaliev, U., & Steinert, J. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112464 · Cited by 19
Social Rejection, Family Acceptance, Economic Recession and Physical and Mental Health of Sexual Minorities
Drydakis, N. (2021) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-021-00640-4 · Cited by 30
“Hostility to sexual minorities could negatively shape their self-perception and create weak self-esteem, and the internalization of prejudice could foster psychological distress (Meyer & Dean, 1998; Shidlo, 1994).”
Psychometric properties of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale among Canadian gay and bisexual men of color.
Hart, T. A., Rotondi, N. K., Souleymanov, R., & Brennan, D. J. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000140 · Cited by 21
Internalized Homophobia Influences Perceptions of Men’s Sexual Orientation from Photos of Their Faces
Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0628-8 · Cited by 20
Assessing Maladaptive Responses to the Stress of Being at Risk of HIV Infection among HIV-Negative Gay Men in New York City
Yi, H., Shidlo, A., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2009) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490903487570 · Cited by 19
“Internalized homophobia was found to be associated with poor health outcomes (Meyer, 2003; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Williamson, 2000), passive coping strategies (Nicholson & Long, 1990), and sexual risk practices (Herek & Glunt, 1995; Preston, D’Augelli, Kassab, & Starks, 2007; Williamson, 2000).”
Background
Psychosocial Correlates of HIV Testing Frequency Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Guangzhou, China
Cheng, W., Egan, J. E., Liu, Q., Xu, H., Stall, R. D., & Friedman, M. R. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02431-w · Cited by 18
“Internalized homophobia was measured using a brief internalized homophobia scale (five items), extracted from the nine-item internalized homophobia scale [29].”
Method
Association of Enacted Stigma with Depressive Symptoms Among Gay and Bisexual Men Who Have Sex with Men: Baltimore, 2011 and 2014
Marti-Pastor, M., Ferrer, M., Alonso, J., Garín, O., Pont, À., Flynn, C. P., & German, D. (2019) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0230 · Cited by 18
“Internalized stigma in the current context refers to the internalization of anti-LGB social attitudes by sexual minority individuals.(55) Further research measuring both enacted and internalized stigma is needed to understand the effect of stigma on poor mental health.”
Background
Acculturation as a Moderator of HIV Risk Behavior Correlates Among Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men
Diaz, J. E., Schrimshaw, E. W., Tieu, H., Nandi, V., Koblin, B. A., & Frye, V. A. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01604-x · Cited by 18
Why Do Some Gay Men Identify as “Straight-Acting” and How Is It Related to Well-Being?
Hunt, C. J., Morandini, J. S., Dar‐Nimrod, I., & Barlow, F. K. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01702-1 · Cited by 18
The Internalized Homophobia Scale for Vietnamese Sexual Minority Women: Conceptualization, Factor Structure, Reliability, and Associations With Hypothesized Correlates
Nguyen, T. Q., Poteat, T., Bandeen‐Roche, K., German, D., Nguyen, Y. H., Vu, L. K.-C., Nguyen, N. T. T., & Knowlton, A. R. (2016) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0694-6 · Cited by 18
Perceived Social Support Mediates the Negative Impact of Insecure Attachment Orientations on Internalized Homophobia in Gay Men
Calvo, V., Cusinato, M., Meneghet, N., & Miscioscia, M. (2020) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1734378 · Cited by 23
Sexual Prejudice Among Puerto Rican Young Adults
Bauermeister, J. A., Morales, M. M., Seda, G., & Gonzalez‐Rivera, M. (2007) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360802103399 · Cited by 18
“…health problems (Mays & Cochran, 2001; Rosario, Hunter, Maguen, Gwadz, & Smith, 2001), risk behaviors like drug use and unprotected sexual intercourse (Meyer & Dean, 1998), and stigma (Díaz & Ayala, 2001; Peterson & Carballo-Diéguez, 2000; Grossman, 2001; Cole, Kemeny, Taylor, & Visscher, 1996).”
Sexual Minorities’ Gender Norm Conformity and Sexual Satisfaction: The Mediating Effects of Sexual Communication, Internalized Stigma, and Sexual Narcissism
Budge, S. L., & Katz‐Wise, S. L. (2019) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2018.1564411 · Cited by 17
“Internalized stigma, previously termed internalized homophobia, is conceptualized as the process of directing negative SM-related social attitudes toward the self (Meyer & Dean, 1998) and experiencing a conflict between same-gender orientation and heteronormativity (Herek, 2004).”
Background
What's Faith Got to Do with It?
Smith, B. L., & Home, S. G. (2008) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/02703140802145243 · Cited by 17
“Although there has been some sexuality research with gay and lesbian persons in recent years (e.g., Dupras, 1994; Meyer & Dean, 1994; Peplau & Garnets, 2000; Williamson, 2000), none has explored the role of religion and spirituality.”
Background
Homofobia internalizada, conectividad comunitaria y salud mental en una muestra de individuos LGB brasileños
Paveltchuk, F. D. O., & Borsa, J. C. (2019) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.6155 · Cited by 20
Medindo a homofobia internalizada: A validação de um instrumento
Pereira, H., & Leal, I. M. P. (2012) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.96 · Cited by 16
A way of reproductive manipulation and biology of Wolbachia pipientis
Ali, H., Hou, Y., Tang, B., ZhanghongShi, Z., Huang, B., Muhammad, A., & Sanda, N. B. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.18006/2016.4(2).156.168 · Cited by 16
Lesbian and gay couple relationships: When internalized homophobia gets in the way of couple creativity
Hertzmann, L. (2011) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2011.627141 · Cited by 16
Sexual identity factors and minority stressors associated with healthcare stereotype threat and access to care among Black sexual minority women
Thorpe, S. Y., Tanner, A. E., & Hargons, C. N. (2022) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2022.2056398 · Cited by 18
“Internalized homophobia is defined as negative attitude toward one’s own sexual identity as well as negative attitudes toward homosexuality, other people’s and their own sexual disclosure, and lack of connectedness to the LGB community (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Homophobia and Communal Coping for HIV Risk Management Among Gay Men in Relationships
Stachowski, C., & Stephenson, R. B. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0417-9 · Cited by 15
“Meyer and Dean (1998) defined IH as a lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) individual’s direction of societal anti-homosexual attitudes toward the self.”
Unhealthy weight control behaviors among youth: Sex of sexual partner is linked to important differences
Watson, R. J., VanKim, N. A., Rose, H. A., Porta, C. M., Gahagan, J., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2018) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2018.1453633 · Cited by 15
“The minority stress model (Meyer & Dean, 1998) adapated parts of the Goffman theory and extended the tenets to sexual orientation; research based on this theory shows that sexual minority youth are more likely than heterosexual youth to engage in a number of risky behaviors (e.g., substance abuse,…”
Background
Predicting self-harm in an ethnically diverse sample of lesbian, gay and bisexual people in the United Kingdom
Rehman, Z., Lopes, B., & Jaspal, R. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020908889 · Cited by 15
Mental Health Implications of Same-Sex Marriage: Influences of Sexual Orientation and Relationship Status in Canada and the United States
Mathy, R. M., & Kerr, S. K. (2004) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.4324/9781315785592-12 · Cited by 15
Social and Internalized Homophobia as a Source of Conflict: How Can We Improve the Quality of Communication?
Eguchi, S. (2006) · Review of Communication · doi:10.1080/15358590601014646 · Cited by 15
“Internalized homophobia means ‘‘the gay person’s direction of negative social attitudes toward the self, leading to a devaluation of the self and resultant internal conflicts and poor self-regard’’ (Meyer & Dean, 1998, p. 161).”
Background
Familismo, Lesbophobia, and Religious Beliefs in the Life Course Narratives of Chilean Lesbian Mothers
Figueroa, V., & Tasker, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.516471 · Cited by 14
“Internalised homophobia has been deﬁned as “the gay person’s direction of negative social attitudes toward the self, leading to a devaluation of the self and resultant internal conﬂicts and poor self-regard” (Meyer and Dean, 1998, p. 161).”
Family Functioning as a Protective Factor for Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Gender Minority Adolescents
Saiz, E. G., Sarda, V., Pletta, D. R., Reisner, S. L., & Katz‐Wise, S. L. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02079-5 · Cited by 17
“Shame, Doubt and Sadness”: A Qualitative Investigation of the Experience of Self-Stigma in Adolescents with Diverse Sexual Orientations
Gilbey, D., Perry, Y., Lin, A. P., & Ohan, J. L. (2022) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth2030026 · Cited by 14
Responding to gender and sexual minority stress with functional analytic psychotherapy.
Skinta, M. D., Hoeflein, B., Muñoz-Martínez, A., & Rincon, C. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000157 · Cited by 18
Linking racism and homonegativity to healthcare system distrust among young men of color who have sex with men: Evidence from the Healthy Young Men's (HYM) study
Hsueh, L., Layland, E. K., Kipke, M. D., & Bray, B. C. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114219 · Cited by 18
Heterosexual Self-Presentation, Identity Management, and Sexual Functioning Among Men Who Have Sex with Men
Parent, M. C., & Wille, L. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-01968-z · Cited by 14
Depressive Symptoms Moderate the Relation Between Internalized Homophobia and Drinking Habits
Span, S. A., & Derby, P. L. (2009) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720802497688 · Cited by 14
In the Wake of Don't Ask Don't Tell: Suicide Prevention and Outreach for LGB Service Members
Wilder, H., & Wilder, J. (2012) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2012.737725 · Cited by 14
“Internalized heterosexism has been cited as a major source of stress and discomfort for LGB individuals (Meyer, 1995, Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Essentialist beliefs and social distance towards gay men and lesbian women: a latent profile analysis
Agadullina, E., Lovakov, A., & Malysheva, N. (2018) · Psychology & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2018.1488764 · Cited by 12
Failed Fatherhood and the “Trap of Ambivalence”: Assimilation, Homonormativity, and Effeminophobia inThe New Normal
Branfman, J. (2018) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1510263 · Cited by 17
“See Allen & Oleson, 1999; Bernstein Sycamore, 2012; Branfman & Stiritz, 2012; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Middlethon, 2002; Nguyen, 2014; Shidlo, 1994; Ward, 2015.”
Service Provider Perspectives of Minority Stress among Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People in the UK
Rehman, Z., Jaspal, R., & Fish, J. (2020) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1804256 · Cited by 15
Promoting Identity Wellness in LGBTGEQIAP+ Adolescents Through Affirmative Therapy
McKinney, R., Desposito, M., & Yoon, E. (2020) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/15538605.2020.1790464 · Cited by 13
Jack’d, a Mobile Social Networking Application: A Site of Exclusion Within a Site of Inclusion
Bartone, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2017.1324676 · Cited by 14
“However, Meyer and Dean (2009) noted internalized homophobia is “” the gay person ’ s direction of negative social attitudes toward the self ” (p. 97).”
Background
Long-Term Singlehood in Sexual Minority Adults: the Role of Attachment and Minority Stress
Laming, G., Lyons, A., & Pepping, C. A. (2021) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-021-00628-0 · Cited by 13
“Living in a heterosexist environment and experiences of rejection and discrimination can lead to the internalization of societal stigma (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Unprotected Sex and Internalized Homophobia
Thomas, F., Mience, M. C., Masson, J., & Bernoussi, A. (2014) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.3149/jms.2202.155 · Cited by 12
“Meyer and Dean (1998) propose that hostility to gays negatively shapes their self-perception and pushes them toward weak self-esteem.”
Background
Prevalence and risk factors associated with perinatal depression in sexual minority women
Marsland, S., Treyvaud, K., & Pepping, C. A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2653 · Cited by 12
Interpersonal Acceptance–Rejection Theory: Application to Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Persons
Fuller, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12226 · Cited by 14
Psychosocial Risk Pathways from Childhood Sexual Abuse to Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual Minority Men: A Test of the Psychological Mediation Framework of Minority Stress
Berke, D. S., Moody, R. L., Grov, C., & Rendina, H. J. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221106145 · Cited by 11
“Internalized homophobia is defined as the internalization of societal negative regard of sexual minority identity into one’s own values and self-perception (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
‘Show Us a Kiss!’: The Everyday Sexual Harassment Experiences of Female Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Students
Witcomb, G. L., & Cooper, C. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231166399 · Cited by 11
“…vic-timization (Ellis, 2009), chronic vigilance and identity concealment as coping strategies may become stressful in themselves (Hatzenbuehler & Pachankis, 2016; Miller & Major, 2000), leading to negative judgements about the self, self-devaluation, and internal con ﬂ ict (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Performance of the Duke Religion Index and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale in Online Samples of Men Who Have Sex with Men
Wilkerson, J. M., Smolensk, D. J., Brady, S. S., & Rosser, B. R. S. (2012) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-012-9594-9 · Cited by 11
“Given that internalized homonegativity measures the extent to which a person internalizes negative social attitudes toward homosexuality (Meyer and Dean 1998) and the extant negative views against homosexuality espoused by several religions, we hypothesized that religiosity would be positively associated with internal…”
The Mediator Role of Internalized Homophobia and Self-Compassion on the Link between Attachment Styles and Depression in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals
Set, Z., Şimşek, Ö. F., & Altınok, A. (2016) · International Journal of Human and Behavioral Science · doi:10.19148/ijhbs.65157 · Cited by 11
“Internalized homophobia has a significant relationship with psychological health including depression and anxiety symptoms, substance abuse disorders and suicidal thought (Di Placido, 1998; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Williamson, 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
The Experiences of Lesbian and Gay Adults on Acute Mental Health Wards: Intimate Relationship Needs and Recovery
Robertson, J., Pote, H. L., Byrne, A., & Frasquilho, F. (2015) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2014.998800 · Cited by 11
“Internalized homophobia is associated with greater intimate relationship conflict in LG relationships (Balsam & Syzmanski, 2005; Meyer & Dean, 1998; Mohr & Fassinger, 2006) and may negatively impact sexual intimacy.”
Background
A homofobia internalizada e os comportamentos para a saúde numa amostra de homens homossexuais
Pereira, H., & Leal, I. M. P. (2012) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.287 · Cited by 11
The negative effects of internalized homonegativity on sexual satisfaction: dyadic effects and gender-based differences in Chile
Bahamondes, J., Barrientos, J., Guzmán‐González, M., Garrido-Rojas, L., Gómez, F., & Espinoza-Tapia, R. (2022) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1080/10894160.2022.2122197 · Cited by 15
“Along these lines, those who report higher rates of IH are more likely to experience problems with their partners, have shorter romantic relationships, and be less willing to overcome relationship problems (Gaines et al., 2005; Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Adaptación de la escala de identidad para lesbianas, gays y bisexuales (LGBIS) en un grupo de lesbianas, gays y bisexuales del Perú
Guillén, J. M. V. (2016) · Universidad de Lima · doi:10.26439/ulima.tesis/3285 · Cited by 11
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Associated Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Gay and Bisexual Men in China: A Moderated Mediation Model
Xue, S., & Xu, W. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221104528 · Cited by 10
“IH refers to “the self-hatred and shame of homosexually oriented individuals that has been incorporated into their belief system” (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
A Requirement of Shame: On the Evolution of the Protection of LGB Refugees
Åberg, K. (2023) · International Journal of Refugee Law · doi:10.1093/ijrl/eead008 · Cited by 10
(Self)tainted love: Shame and self-criticism as self-discriminatory processes underlying psychological suffering in sexual minority individuals
Seabra, D., Carvalho, S. A., Gato, J., Petrocchi, N., & Salvador, M. D. C. (2024) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2024.2333777 · Cited by 11
“Internalized stigma involves directing negative social attitudes toward oneself, leading to self-devaluation and internal conflict (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Out of Sight but on My Mind: Distal Stressors, Identity Concealment, Proximal Stress, and Mental Health Among Sexual or Gender Minorities
Dennis, M. T., & Davis, C. G. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01131-6 · Cited by 10
Understanding Risk and Resilience for Sexual Minority Emerging Adults: a Longitudinal Outlook on Minority Stress, Mental Health, and Academic Perseverance
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Everyday prejudices: an intersectional exploration of the experiences of lesbian and gay entrepreneurs
Kidney, E., McAdam, M., & Cooney, T. M. (2024) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2022-1114 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, internalised homophobia has been found to be self-sustaining in the absence of discrimination, which is a self-generating devaluation stemming from heterosexism (Meyer and Dean, 1998).”
Background
Relationship Characteristics of Women in Interracial Same-Sex Relationships
Jeong, J. Y., & Horne, S. G. (2009) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360902821445 · Cited by 10
The Poetics of Parent-Son Encounters Following Negative Parental Reactions to the Disclosure of Gay Identity
Machado, S. (2014) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167814522911 · Cited by 10
“Such attitudes dominant in the family and the culture at large are frequently taken in by the individual and contribute to internalized homophobia—that is, internalized negative feelings about one’s sexuality and devaluation of the self (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Background
Antecedents, Outcomes, Prevention and Coping Strategies for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Workplace Stress
Sabat, I. E., Lindsey, A., & King, E. B. (2014) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-355520140000012005 · Cited by 12
Pathways to recovery: recovery housing models for men who have sex with men (MSM)
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“A proximal source, internalized homophobia reflects internalization of negative societal attitudes “leading to a devaluation of the self and resultant internal conflicts and poor self-regard” (Meyer and Dean 1998, p. 161).”
Background
Belongingness and depression among LGBQ Mormons: The moderating effect of internalized homonegativity
Skidmore, S. J., Lefevor, G. T., & Dillon, F. R. (2022) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2022.2041521 · Cited by 10
Sexuality and same-sex sexuality in relationships.
Diamond, L. M. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14344-019 · Cited by 10
Parenting Desire Among Sexual Minority Women in China: From the Stigma Perspective
Pu, Y., & Xu, W. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02682-8 · Cited by 9
“Nine-item Internalized Homophobia Scale was used to measure the degree to which participants rejected their sexual orientation, felt uneasy about their homosexual desires, and tried to avoid same-sex involvement (Meyer & Dean, 1998).”
Internalized homophobia and sexual risk behavior in men who have sex with men: The mediational role of sexual self-concept
Sepúlveda-Páez, G. L., Santibáñez-Palma, J. F., Ferrer‐Urbina, R., Atencio‐Quevedo, D., Bucarei, P., Castillo, J., Fuentes, M., & Zumarán, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1007749 · Cited by 13
Moral Foundations, Sexual Prejudice, and Outness Among Sexual Minorities
Barnett, M. D., Maciel, I. V., & Sligar, K. B. (2020) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-019-09689-1 · Cited by 9
Does internalized racism matter in HIV risk? Correlates of biomedical HIV prevention interventions among Black men who have sex with men in the United States
Whitfield, D. L. (2020) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2020.1753007 · Cited by 9
Percepciones y actitudes sobre homofobia en estudiantes universitarios
Orcasita, L. T., Noriega, J. Á. V., Kusserow, M., & Céspedes, J. L. M. (2020) · African journal of rhetoric · doi:10.21134/haaj.v20i2.482 · Cited by 9
“Meyer & Dean (1998) definen la HI como la representación interna de las actitudes homofóbicas de la sociedad en los individuos LGB, las cuales se componen hacia su propia orientación sexual, actitudes negativas hacia la homosexualidad, incomodidad con la revelación y expresión de la orientación…”
Background
Negotiating Cultural Contexts: An Exploratory Investigation of Black Gay Male Strategy Employment
Gresham, S. L. (2009) · Journal of GLBT Family Studies · doi:10.1080/15504280903035738 · Cited by 11
Assessing the Internalized Homophobia Scale for Gender Invariance
Huynh, K. D., Sheridan, D. J., & Lee, D. L. (2020) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2020.1735202 · Cited by 9
Factors associated with sexual identity disclosure in the workplace by gay men and lesbians : a couples study
Bouzianis, B., Malcolm, J. P., & Hallab, L. (2008) · Cited by 9
Emergence and Development of the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues
Hancock, K. A., & Greenspan, K. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_4 · Cited by 9
Internalized Heterosexism and Exposed Psychological Intimate Partner Violence: Experiences of Lesbian and Bisexual Women in Turkey and Denmark
Ummak, E., Toplu‐Demirtaş, E., & Aracı‐İyiaydın, A. (2023) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2021-0128 · Cited by 8
The interplay of internalized homophobia, compulsive use of dating apps, and mental distress among sexual minority individuals: Two moderated mediation models
Marciano, A., David, Y., & Antebi‐Gruszka, N. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108241 · Cited by 8
Gay Men and Men Who Have Sex with Men: Intersectionality and Syndemics
Carnes, N. (2016) · Social disparities in health and health care · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-34004-3_3 · Cited by 8

Authors: Meyer, I. H., & Dean, L.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Meyer, Ilan H.
Dean, Laura
Venue: Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Published: 1998
Pages: 160-186
DOI: 10.4135/9781452243818.n8
OpenAlex: W2483143899
Cited by: 538
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 14.34
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Keywords: internalized homophobia, intimacy, sexual behavior, gay men, bisexual men, sexual minority men

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