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How to Interpret LC3 Immunoblotting
Open accessAbstract
Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is now widely used to monitor autophagy. One approach is to detect LC3 conversion (LC3-I to LC3-II) by immunoblot analysis because the amount of LC3-II is clearly correlated with the number of autophagosomes. However, LC3-II itself is degraded by autophagy, making interpretation of the results of LC3 immunoblotting problematic. Furthermore, the amount of LC3 at a certain time point does not indicate autophagic flux, and therefore, it is important to measure the amount of LC3-II delivered to lysosomes by comparing LC3-II levels in the presence and absence of lysosomal protease inhibitors. Another problem with this method is that LC3-II tends to be much more sensitive to be detected by immunoblotting than LC3-I. Accordingly, simple comparison of LC3-I and LC3-II, or summation of LC3-I and LC3-II for ratio determinations, may not be appropriate, and rather, the amount of LC3-II can be compared between samples.
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“LC3, which is a post-translational modifier, is required for autophagosome formation (Mizushima and Yoshimori, 2007).”
From Inducible Rpt3, a Proteasome Component, Knockout in Adult Skeletal Muscle Results in Muscle Atrophy (2020) · cites this paper as Mizushima and Yoshimori, 2007
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“In neurons ATG9 localizes to axons and presynaptic sites, and requires active transport by the kinesin motor KIF1A to direct its localization into distal neurites [30,537].”
From Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition) 1 (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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Self-citationLC3, GABARAP and GATE16 localize to autophagosomal membrane depending on form-II formation
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Kondo, S., Karasawa, T., Koike, A., Tsutsui, M., Kunisawa, J., & Terada, S. (2024) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2023-0265 · Cited by 4
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Inhibits Melanogenesis via Induction of Autophagy
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Bellone, M. L., Syed, A. A., Vitale, R. M., Sigismondo, G., Mensitieri, F., Pollastro, F., Amodeo, P., Appendino, G., Tommasi, N. D., Krijgsveld, J., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132968 · Cited by 4
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Long, Y., Zhang, Q., Ling, L., Zhuang, Y., Wei, X., Huang, H., Lu, Z., Huang, Y., Chen, X., Ye, Y., et al. (2024) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2023022688 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Mizushima, N., & Yoshimori, T.
- Affiliations
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- Venue
- Autophagy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-11-26
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 542-545
- ISSN
- 1554-8627 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-8635
- OpenAlex
- W1963521777
- Semantic Scholar
- ab5143ed104a787ff2e14d915df9a12ce5f5871a
- Cited by
- 2,595
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 176 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 177 · 2017: 162 · 2016: 167 · 2015: 179 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 165 · 2012: 120
- FWCI
- 52.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Autophagy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kato Memorial Bioscience Foundation
- Toray Science Foundation
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Keywords
- LC3, autophagic flux
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autophagy, Humans, Lysosomes, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Phosphatidylethanolamines, Sensitivity and Specificity, Immunoblotting, PC12 Cells, Cell Line, Tumor, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Rats
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