Cited by 161Epigenetics and DNA MethylationBirth, Development, and HealthGenetic Syndromes and Imprinting

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The early life social environment and DNA methylation: DNA methylation mediating the long-term impact of social environments early in life

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Szyf, Moshe·2011·Epigenetics

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Abstract

Although epidemiological data provides evidence that there is an interaction between genetics (nature) and the social and physical environments (nurture) in human development; the main open question remains the mechanism. The pattern of distribution of methyl groups in DNA is different from cell-type to cell type and is conferring cell specific identity on DNA during cellular differentiation and organogenesis. This is an innate and highly programmed process. However, recent data suggests that DNA methylation is not only involved in cellular differentiation but that it is also involved in modulation of genome function in response to signals from the physical, biological and social environments. We propose that modulation of DNA methylation in response to environmental cues early in life serves as a mechanism of life-long genome "adaptation" that molecularly embeds the early experiences of a child ("nurture") in the genome ("nature"). There is an emerging line of data supporting this hypothesis in rodents, non-human primates and humans that will be reviewed here. However, several critical questions remain including the identification of mechanisms that transmit the signals from the social environment to the DNA methylation/demethylation enzymes.

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Authors: Szyf, M.
Venue: Epigenetics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-08
Volume: 6
Issue: 8
Pages: 971-978
ISSN: 1559-2294 (ISSN-L)
1559-2308
DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.8.16793
PMC: PMC3359487
OpenAlex: W2050896885
Cited by: 161
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 1.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Epigenetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: McGill University
National Institutes of Health
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
Keywords: DNA methylation, nature versus nurture, genome adaptation, cell differentiation, cell type-specific methylation, social environment, developmental origins of health and disease
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Behavior, Child, Preschool, Humans, Life Change Events, Social Environment, Signal Transduction, Genome, Human, DNA Methylation, Life

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The early life social environment and DNA methylation: DNA methylation mediating the long-term impact of social environments early in life

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