Fish Processing Wastes as a Potential Source of Proteins, Amino Acids and Oils: A Critical Review
Open accessAbstract
The fish processing industry is a major exporter of seafood and marine products in many countries.About 70% of the fish is processed before final sale.Processing of fish involves stunning, grading, slime removal, deheading, washing, scaling, gutting, cutting of fins, meat bone separation and steaks and fillets.During these steps significant amount of waste (20-80% depending upon the level of processing and type of fish) is generated which can be utilized as fish silage, fishmeal and fish sauce.Fish waste can also be used for production of various value added products such as proteins, oil, amino acids, minerals, enzymes, bioactive peptides, collagen and gelatin.The fish proteins are found in all parts of the fish.There are three types of proteins in fish: structural proteins, sacroplasmic proteins and connective tissue proteins.The fish proteins can be extracted by chemical and enzymatic process.In the chemical method, salts (NaCl and LiCl) and solvents (isopropanol and aezotropic isopropanol) are used, whereas during the enzymatic extraction, enzymes (alcalase, neutrase, protex, protemax and flavorzyme) are used to extract proteins from fish.These fish proteins can be used as a functional ingredient in many food items because of their properties (water holding capacity, oil absorption, gelling activity, foaming capacity and emulsifying properties).They can also be used as milk replacers, bakery substitutes, soups and infant formulas.The amino acids are the building blocks of protein.There are 16-18 amino acids present in fish proteins.The amino acids can be produced from fish protein by enzymatic or chemical processes.The enzymatic hydrolysis involves the use of direct protein substrates and enzymes such as alcalase, neutrase, carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, pepsin and trypsin.In the chemical hydrolysis process, acid or alkali is used for the breakdown of protein to extract amino acids.The main disadvantage of this method is the complete destruction of tryptophan and cysteine and partial destruction of tyrosine, serine and threonine.The amino acids present in the fish can be utilized in animal feed in the form of fishmeal and sauce or can be used in the production of various pharmaceuticals.The fish oil contains two important polyunsaturated fatty acids called EPA and DHA or otherwise called as omega-3 fatty acids.These omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial bioactivities including prevention of atherosclerosis, protection against maniac-depressive illness and various other medicinal properties.Fish oil can also be converted to non-toxic, biodegradable, environment friendly biodiesel using chemical or enzymatic transesterification.
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- Authors
- Brooks MS, R. V.
- Venue
- Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology
- Publisher
- OMICS Publishing Group
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 05
- Issue
- 04
- ISSN
- 1948-5948 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4231182669
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
- Keywords
- fish waste, fish protein, amino acids, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, fish meal, fish sauce, enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis, functional food ingredients, value-added fish products, fish waste utilization, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish silage, animal feed, bioactive peptides, marine by-products
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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