Progress towards Sustainable Utilisation and Management of Food Wastes in the Global Economy
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, the problem of food waste has attracted considerable interest from food producers, processors, retailers, and consumers alike. Food waste is considered not only a sustainability problem related to food security, but also an economic problem since it directly impacts the profitability of the whole food supply chain. In developed countries, consumers are one of the main contributors to food waste and ultimately pay for all wastes produced throughout the food supply chain. To secure food and reduce food waste, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the various sources of food wastes throughout the food supply chain. The present review examines various reports currently in the literature and quantifies waste levels and examines the trends in wastage for various food sectors such as fruit and vegetable, fisheries, meat and poultry, grain, milk, and dairy. Factors contributing to food waste, effective cost/benefit food waste utilisation methods, sustainability and environment considerations, and public acceptance are identified as hurdles in preventing large-scale food waste processing. Thus, we highlight the need for further research to identify and report food waste so that government regulators and food supply chain stakeholders can actively develop effective waste utilisation practices.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes global literature on food waste across terrestrial and aquatic food supply chains, quantifying waste levels and examining utilisation and management options. It argues that food waste is a major sustainability, economic, and environmental problem, but that reliable data, cost-effective ecofriendly reprocessing, and public acceptance remain key barriers.
Key findings
- Food waste occurs throughout the food supply chain; approximately one-third of all food produced today goes to landfill, and food lost or discarded each year accounts for 3.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions globally.
- Fruits and vegetables are the most wasted food category. Examples include Switzerland, where around 47% of all vegetables produced are wasted; Germany, where fruits and vegetables account for 43% of household waste; the UK, where potatoes account for around 0.4 million tonnes (10%) of total annual waste; and Australia, where consumers throw away around AU$1.1 billion (US$0.84 billion) worth of fruits and vegetables yearly.
- Grain waste varies widely: rice waste averages about 15% of global production; storage waste ranges from less than 1% in Malawi to 12–13% in Bangladesh and 3–6% in Malaysia; China’s grain supply chain waste is 19.0% ± 5.8%, with consumers accounting for 7.3% ± 4.8%; India loses around 20–30% of total grain production, costing about US$14 billion annually and potentially feeding at least 48 million people.
- Animal and aquatic waste is also large: USA meat waste is valued at US$83,127 million and poultry waste at US$69,100 million, with consumers responsible for 35% and 37% respectively; UK meat processing accounts for 56% of all wastes; 14 European countries report meat processing wastes of 35–42%; fish waste is around 130 million tonnes yearly, with 17.9–39.5 million tonnes of whole fish discarded annually and up to 66% of processed fish thrown away; 59% of fish waste goes to landfill and only 39% is reused or incinerated; USA consumer fish waste rose from 16% in 1995 to 31% in 2010.
Methods
- The paper is a review that examines reports in the literature and quantifies waste levels and trends for fruit and vegetable, fisheries, meat and poultry, grain, milk and dairy sectors.
- It discusses factors contributing to food waste, cost/benefit utilisation methods, sustainability and environmental considerations, and public acceptance.
- The analysis is a narrative synthesis supported by tables and figures; no primary data collection or formal meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- The paper states that reliable food waste data are lacking, studies are often not comparable because they assess different stages, waste types, and protocols, and business confidentiality limits detailed supply-chain information. It also notes that some data are almost 40 years old, that many reports do not give individual crop wastes, and that gaps exist for central/West Africa, developed-country grain waste, and aquatic plant food waste.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quality appraisal, and many figures rely on secondary sources that may be outdated or regionally incomplete.
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Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 191 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning
Food waste occurs throughout the entire food supply chain.
“Inspecting Table 2 reveals that food waste occurs throughout the entire food supply chain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Fruits and vegetables are the most wasted food category among all terrestrial and aquatic food products in both developed and developing countries.
“Studies have shown that fruits and vegetables are the most wasted food category among all terrestrial and aquatic food products in both developed and developing countries as seen in Table 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Vegetable waste produced by consumers in 2008 and 2010 was significantly lower than waste levels recorded in 1995.
“In particular, vegetable waste produced by consumers in 2008 and 2010 was significantly lower than waste levels recorded in 1995.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Agricultural production is more prone to waste than processing, packaging, and consumers.
“Furthermore, agricultural production is more prone to waste than processing, packaging, and consumers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Studies have revealed a positive growth trend in meat and poultry waste.
“Studies have also revealed a positive growth trend in meat and poultry waste as presented in Table 4.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Premisecitation
Approximately one-third of all food produced today goes to landfill.
“Nevertheless, approximately one-third of all food produced today goes to landfill [4].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Stuart T. Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal 2009 New York, NY, USA WW Norton & Company
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- Premisecitation
Many food wastes can be considered a valuable source of nutrients with the potential to be processed into products to feed the world's increasing population.
“Alternatively, many food wastes can be considered as a valuable source of nutrients with the potential to be processed into products to feed the world's increasing population [14, 26].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] Parfitt J. Barthel M. Macnaughton S. Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2010 365 1554 3065 3081 10.1098/rstb.2010.0126 2-s2.0-77957308668 PMC2935112 20713403 source
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- Premisecitation
Reducing food waste can significantly improve the overall efficiency of the food supply chain.
“Reducing food waste is an important factor that can significantly improve the overall efficiency of the food supply chain [6].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Gustavsson J. Cederberg C. Sonesson U. van Otterdijk R. Meybeck A. Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention 2011 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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- Premisecitation
In the Netherlands, the remaining €2 billion (US$2.21 billion) was wasted through the various stages of the food supply chain.
“and the remaining €2 billion (US$ 2.21 billion) was wasted through the various stages of the food supply chain [33, 34].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Tielens J. Candel J. Reducing food waste, improving food security? Food and business knowledge platform, 2014, http://knowledge4food.net/
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- Premisecitation
In a Swedish study, 16 different horticultural products sold by retailers were responsible for wastes ranging from 0.4% to 6.3% of produce.
“In a Swedish study, 16 different horticultural products including typical fruits and vegetables sold by retailers were responsible for wastes ranging from 0.4% to 6.3% of produce [35].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Gustavsson J. Stage J. Retail waste of horticultural products in Sweden Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 5 554 556 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.01.007 2-s2.0-79952528139
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- Premisecitation
In Africa, yam waste levels can reach 50%.
“and yam waste levels can reach 50% [42].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Osunde Z. D. Minimizing postharvest losses in yam (Dioscorea spp.): treatments and techniques Using Food Science and Technology to Improve Nutrition and Promote National Development 2008 International Union of Food Science & Technology
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The annual cost to food manufacturers and sellers of fruit and vegetable waste in India is around US$71,481 million.
“This equates to an annual cost to food manufacturers and sellers of around US$ 71,481 million [43].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Hindustan Times India wastes Rs. 44,000 cr of fruits, vegetables and grains annually 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
In Germany, fruits and vegetables account for 43% of all household waste.
“And in Germany fruits and vegetables account for 43% of all household waste as seen in Table 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In 2008, the United States of America produced three large waste streams consisting of grain (US$34,791 million), vegetables (US$103,417 million), and fruits (US$62,146 million) at considerable economic cost.
“For example, in 2008, the United States of America (USA) produced three large waste streams consisting of grain (US$ 34,791 million), vegetables (US$ 103,417 million), and fruits (US$ 62,146 million) at considerable economic cost [13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source
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- Premisecitation
For developing countries, around 15 to 50% of all fruit and vegetable waste occurs in the postharvest stage.
“For developing countries, around 15 to 50% of all fruit and vegetable waste occurs in the postharvest stage [38–40].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [38] Coursey D. G. Booth R. H. The postharvest phytopathology of perishable tropical produce Review of Plant Pathology 1972 51 12 751 765
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- cites [39] Jeffries P. Jeger M. J. The biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit Postharvest News and Information 1990 1 5 365 368
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- cites [40] Subrahmanyam K. V. Post-harvest losses in horticultural crops: an appraisal Agricultural Situation in India 1986 41 5 339 343
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- Premisecitation
In Africa, cassava wastes can be as large as 45%.
“For example, in Africa, cassava wastes can be as large as 45% [41]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Jeon Y. W. Halos L. S. Addressing R&D for Cassava Postharvest System in West Africa Proceedings of the International Winter Meeting 1991 Chicago, Ill, USA The American Society of Agricultural Engineers
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- Premisecitation
The use of food waste alleviates the problem of land competition between food crops and crops for liquid biofuels.
“The use of food waste also alleviates the problem of land competition between food crops and crops for liquid biofuels [31].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Rathmann R. Szklo A. Schaeffer R. Land use competition for production of food and liquid biofuels: an analysis of the arguments in the current debate Renewable Energy 2010 35 1 14 22 10.1016/j.renene.2009.02.025 2-s2.0-69449095358 source
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- Premisecitation
Around 18 to 40% of all fresh fruits and vegetables go to waste in India every year due to the lack of refrigerated transport and high quality cold storage facilities.
“Similarly, around 18 to 40% of all fresh fruits and vegetables go to waste in India every year due to the lack of refrigerated transport and high quality cold storage facilities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Hindustan Times India wastes Rs. 44,000 cr of fruits, vegetables and grains annually 2013
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- Premisecitation
Each year, the United States of America produces more than 2.7 million tonnes of fruit and vegetables that are not harvested or remain unsold due to poor crop aesthetics and low market prices.
“Furthermore, each year, the USA produces more than 2.7 million tonnes of fruit and vegetables that are not harvested or remain unsold due to poor crop aesthetics and low market prices [37].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Hirsch J. Harmanci R. Food Waste: The Next Food Revolution 2013 Modern Farmer
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- Premisecitation
Grain wastes can be used as a source of bioenergy in the forms of bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.
“Present research has also shown that grain wastes can be used as a source of bioenergy in the forms of bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas [74].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] Sun Y. Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review Bioresource Technology 2002 83 1 1 11 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00212-7 2-s2.0-0036159062 12058826
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- Interpretationreasoning
The difference arises from waste delivery trucks not receiving a full load at any one of the locations.
“The difference arises from waste delivery trucks not receiving a full load at any one of the locations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Livestock and poultry waste occurs in the early stages of production with animal deaths and animals unsuitable for slaughtering.
“Livestock and poultry waste occurs in the early stages of production with animal deaths and animals unsuitable for slaughtering [87].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [87] Halloran A. Clement J. Kornum N. Bucatariu C. Magid J. Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark Food Policy 2014 49 1 294 301 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005 2-s2.0-84908011312 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
It is not feasible to increase biofuel production using currently available land and technologies.
“Because of this competition, it is not feasible to increase biofuel production using currently available land and technologies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Policy, political management, natural calamities, storage, infrastructure facilities, and transportation are the main drivers for producing grain waste in developing countries.
“In spite of this, it is evident that policy, political management, natural calamities, storage, infrastructure facilities, and transportation are the main drivers for producing grain waste in developing countries [55].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] Beddington J. Asaduzzaman M. Fernandez A. Achieving food security in the face of climate change Final Report 2012 Copenhagen, Denmark Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
At present, only a small number of bio-based compounds derived from crop sources have made it into commercial products.
“At present, only a small number of bio-based compounds derived from crop sources have made it into commercial products.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Currently there is a high demand for pharmaceutical ingredients such as enzymes, solvents, and surfactants all of which can be derived from crop wastes.
“And currently there is a high demand for pharmaceutical ingredients such as enzymes, solvents, and surfactants all of which can be derived from crop wastes [67].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [67] Carole T. M. Pellegrino J. Paster M. D. Opportunities in the industrial biobased products industry Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology—Part A Enzyme Engineering and Biotechnology 2004 115 1–3 871 885 10.1385/abab:115:1-3:0871 2-s2.0-11244317089 15054239 source
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- Premisecitation
Except for Malawi, other eastern and southern regional African countries have reported waste levels equivalent to around US$11 billion or 13.5% of total grain production.
“Except for Malawi, an African country reporting low grain waste levels, other eastern and southern regional African countries have reported waste levels equivalent to around US$ 11 billion or 13.5% of total grain production.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] Zorya S. Morgan N. Diaz R. Missing food: the case of postharvest grain losses in sub-Saharan Africa 2011 60371-AFR Washington, DC, USA The World Bank
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In most developed countries, grains are considered as livestock feed rather than human food.
“It should be noted that in most developed countries grains are considered as livestock feed rather than human food [61].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] Sarma J. S. Cereal feed use in the Third World: past trends and projections to 2000 Research Report 1986 57 Washington, DC, USA International Food Policy Research Institute
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Further economic analysis identified cost barriers such as feedstock chemicals and capital investment including pretreatment facilities, fermenters, and steam generation systems as the main factors restricting large-scale processing facilities.
“Further economic analysis has also identified costs barriers such as feedstock chemicals and capital investment that includes pretreatment facilities, fermenters, and steam generation systems as the main factors restricting large-scale processing facilities [81].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] Sassner P. Galbe M. Zacchi G. Techno-economic evaluation of bioethanol production from three different lignocellulosic materials Biomass and Bioenergy 2008 32 5 422 430 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.10.014 2-s2.0-43249092686 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Collecting and transporting food wastes are fundamentally different from harvesting and shipping agriculture crops to market.
“Thus, collecting and transporting food wastes are fundamentally different from harvesting and shipping agriculture crops to market.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Major barriers such as the high cost of pretreatments and inefficient conversion processes have prevented the commercialization of large-scale bioethanol processing facilities.
“However, major barriers such as the high cost of pretreatments and inefficient conversion processes have prevented the commercialization of large-scale bioethanol processing facilities [78–80].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [78] Banerjee S. Mudliar S. Sen R. Commercializing lignocellulosic bioethanol: technology bottlenecks and possible remedies Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2010 4 1 77 93 10.1002/bbb.188 2-s2.0-74349084291 source
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- Premisecitation
India's grain waste level has the potential to provide the minimum annual food requirements of at least 48 million people in India.
“Amazingly, this level of waste has the potential to provide the minimum annual food requirements of at least 48 million people in India [52].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [52] McConnell K. Post-Harvest Food Loss, Waste Are Focus of New U.S. Institute IIP Digital, 2012, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2012/09/20120921136390.html#axzz4NatgxlEm
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The continuous supply of agrowaste essentially becomes a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP).
“Therefore, the continuous supply of agrowaste essentially becomes a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) [82].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [82] Chen M. Optimization of a supply chain network for bioenergy production from food waste [M.S. thesis] 2014 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Crop wastes are a valuable source of useful compounds, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
“On the whole crop wastes are a valuable source of useful compounds, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals [66].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] Galanakis C. M. Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications Trends in Food Science & Technology 2012 26 2 68 87 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.03.003 2-s2.0-84865186653 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Without a continuous supply of feedstock, the facility is unable to efficiently deliver a steady flow of biogas.
“Thus, without a continuous supply of feedstock, the facility is unable to efficiently deliver a steady flow of biogas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Large-scale commercially viable biogas production is still in its infancy.
“But large-scale commercially viable biogas production is still in its infancy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
VRP has not been specifically applied to transporting food wastes produced by a food supply chain.
“However, VRP has not been specifically applied to transporting food wastes produced by a food supply chain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Because of constraints imposed by available arable land, there is competition between crops specifically grown for biofuel and those grown for food and feed production.
“Unfortunately, because of the constraints imposed by available arable land, there is competition between crops specifically grown for biofuel and those grown for food and feed production [77].”
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- Premisecitation
Inadequate storage capacity, poorly distributed warehouses, lack of adequately designed storage facilities, and inefficient transport and handling management lead to waste levels of around 20 to 30% of India's total grain production.
“Inadequate storage capacity, poorly distributed warehouses, lack of adequately designed storage facilities, and inefficient transport and handling management lead to waste levels of around 20 to 30% of India's total grain production [51].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Alpha Access India Wastes Up to 30% of Annual Food Grain Production Due to Poor Storage Facilities, Claims Study Evanston, Ill, USA Alpha Access Worldwide 2014, http://www.accessalpha.com/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Consumer anxiety in recent years has restricted the use of tallow and lard byproducts in the fast food industry.
“Unfortunately, consumer anxiety in recent years has restricted the use of these byproducts in the fast food industry [98].”
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- Premisecitation
The agricultural stage is often reported as the main source of wastes in the life cycle of milk and dairy products.
“The agricultural stage is often reported as the main source of wastes in the life cycle of milk and dairy products [108–110].”
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- Premisecitation
Meat and poultry byproducts are rich in nutritional, medicinal, and pharmaceutical materials.
“Like fruit and vegetable wastes, meat and poultry byproducts are also rich in nutritional, medicinal, and pharmaceutical materials [95].”
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- Interpretationnone given
There is a lack of comprehensive understanding of waste levels produced throughout the whole dairy industry.
“In spite of being extensively studied, what is lacking is a comprehensive understanding of waste levels produced throughout the whole dairy industry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
There have been a number of studies evaluating eggshells as immobilising agents for heavy metals such as chromium(III) and lead.
“Accordingly, there have been a number studies evaluating eggshells as immobilising agents for heavy metals such as chromium(III) and lead [104–106].”
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- Premisecitation
Meat processing in the United Kingdom accounts for 56% of all wastes.
“Inspection of Table 6 reveals that meat processing in the UK accounts for 56% of all wastes [36, 93]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [36] WRAP The Food We Waste 2008 Banbury, UK WRAP
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- Premisecitation
Many bioactive molecules and chemical compounds from meat and poultry byproducts have the potential to be used in fields such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
“Many of these bioactive molecules and chemical compounds have the potential to be used in fields such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals [97].”
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- Premisecitation
In the North American supply chain, 31.4% of all eggs produced end up as waste.
“In the North American supply chain, 31.4% of all eggs produced end up as waste [59].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] Cuéllar A. D. Webber M. E. Wasted food, wasted energy: the embedded energy in food waste in the United States Environmental Science & Technology 2010 44 16 6464 6469 10.1021/es100310d 2-s2.0-77956505004 20704248 PMC2922696
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- Premisecitation
The broad diversity of products from meat and poultry byproducts has the potential to be used in human food products, animal feeds, fertilizers, and biofuels.
“The broad diversity of products has the potential to be used in human food products, animal feeds, fertilizers, and biofuels [96].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [96] Ockerman H. W. Hansen C. L. Animal by-Product Processing & Utilization 1999 New York, NY, USA CRC Press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Public concerns and safety issues have prevented food recycling for human and ruminant consumption in Japan.
“Consequently, public concerns and safety issues have prevented food recycling for human and ruminant consumption [99].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [99] Kawashima T. The Use of Food Waste as a Protein Source for Animal Feed—Current Status and Technological Development in Japan 2004 Rome, Italy Protein Source of Animal Feed Industry, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
Recycling eggshells for the immobilization of heavy metals in wastewater has the potential to significantly reduce environmental pollution.
“Therefore, recycling eggshells for the immobilization of heavy metals in wastewater has the potential to significantly reduce environmental pollution [103].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [103] Ok Y. S. Lee S. S. Jeon W.-T. Oh S.-E. Usman A. R. A. Moon D. H. Application of eggshell waste for the immobilization of cadmium and lead in a contaminated soil Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2011 33 1 31 39 10.1007/s10653-010-9362-2 2-s2.0-78650303910 21063750 source
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- Premisecitation
Meat products have a relatively short shelf-life ranging between 7 and 26 days.
“Generally, meat products have a relatively short shelf-life ranging between 7 and 26 days [18].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The increased consumption is around three times as large as the global average.
“The increased consumption is around three times as large as the global average;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90] Trostle R. Global agricultural supply and demand: factors contributing to the recent increase in food commodity prices Report 2008 Washington, DC, USA Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In the grouping of 14 European countries, processing wastes vary between 35 and 42%.
“and in the grouping of 14 European countries processing wastes vary between 35 and 42% [94].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] de Las Fuentes L. AWARENET: Agro-Food Wastes Minimisation and rEduction Network 2004 Brussels, Belgium European Commission
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
To date, the practical use of waste eggshells as immobilising agents is still largely unknown.
“However, to date, the practical use of waste eggshells as immobilising agents is still largely unknown [95].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [95] Jayathilakan K. Sultana K. Radhakrishna K. Bawa A. S. Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 49 3 278 293 10.1007/s13197-011-0290-7 2-s2.0-84863987013 23729848 PMC3614052
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Dairy product packaging significantly contributes to environmental degradation.
“Furthermore, dairy product packaging has also been found to significantly contribute to environmental degradation [112].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [112] Sonesson U. Berlin J. Environmental impact of future milk supply chains in Sweden: a scenario study Journal of Cleaner Production 2003 11 3 253 266 10.1016/s0959-6526(02)00049-5 2-s2.0-0037400443 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
During fish processing, only the fillets are preserved and the remainder of the fish (up to 66%) is thrown away.
“During processing, only the fillets are preserved and the remainder of the fish (up to 66%) is thrown away as seen in Figure 3 [127, 128].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [127] Crapo C. Paust B. Babbitt J. Recoveries & Yields from Pacific Fish and Shellfish 1993 37 Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Marine Advisory Bulletin Series
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [128] Knuckey I. Sinclair C. Aravind A. Ashcroft W. Utilisation of seafood processing waste-challenges and opportunities 2004 Proceedings of the 3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference December 2004 Sydney, Australia SuperSoil
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Globally around 17.9 to 39.5 million tonnes of whole fish is discarded each year by commercial fishing operations.
“It is estimated that globally around 17.9 to 39.5 million tonnes of whole fish is discarded each year by commercial fishing operations [123].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [123] Archer M. Watson R. Denton J. W. Fish waste production in the United Kingdom: the quantities produced and opportunities for better utilisation Seafish Report 2001 SR537 Grimsby, UK Sea Fish Industry Authority
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Recapture processes can significantly reduce the amount of milk and dairy wastes being discharged into the environment.
“These recapture processes can significantly reduce the amount of milk and dairy wastes being discharged into the environment [5].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Kroyer G. T. Impact of food processing on the environment-an overview LWT—Food Science and Technology 1995 28 6 547 552 10.1016/0023-6438(95)90000-4 2-s2.0-0000930618 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The processing stage is the main contributor to overall waste levels in fish.
“Thus, it is apparent from these studies that the processing stage is the main contributor to overall waste levels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Worldwide, around 130 million tonnes of fish waste is produced each year by fisheries and aquaculture.
“Worldwide, around 130 million tonnes of fish waste is produced each year by fisheries and aquaculture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [124] Sharp M. Mariojouls C. Waste not, want not: better utilisation of fish waste in the Pacific SPC Fisheries Newsletter 2012 138 44 48
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In a grouping of 14 European countries, fish processing waste could range between 40 and 70%.
“A study of a grouping of 14 European countries revealed that fish processing waste could range between 40 and 70% [94].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] de Las Fuentes L. AWARENET: Agro-Food Wastes Minimisation and rEduction Network 2004 Brussels, Belgium European Commission
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In a grouping of 14 European countries, around 43 to 48% of milk and dairy wastes were produced in the processing stage.
“while in the grouping of 14 European countries around 43 to 48% of milk and dairy wastes were produced in the processing stage [94].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] de Las Fuentes L. AWARENET: Agro-Food Wastes Minimisation and rEduction Network 2004 Brussels, Belgium European Commission
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Fish waste is produced through by-catch, on-board processing, transport, storage, retailers, and consumers.
“Wastes are produced through by-catch, on-board processing, transport, storage, retailers, and consumers [124].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [124] Sharp M. Mariojouls C. Waste not, want not: better utilisation of fish waste in the Pacific SPC Fisheries Newsletter 2012 138 44 48
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In North America, supply chain wastage of milk and dairy was around 32%.
“In North America supply chain wastage was found to be around 32% [59]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] Cuéllar A. D. Webber M. E. Wasted food, wasted energy: the embedded energy in food waste in the United States Environmental Science & Technology 2010 44 16 6464 6469 10.1021/es100310d 2-s2.0-77956505004 20704248 PMC2922696
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Frequent product changes are a source of milk and dairy produce waste.
“Other sources of milk and dairy produce waste result from frequent product changes, but this can be reduced through appropriate product sequencing and more efficient product scheduling [114].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [114] Berlin J. Sonesson U. Tillman A.-M. A life cycle based method to minimise environmental impact of dairy production through product sequencing Journal of Cleaner Production 2006 15 4 347 356 10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.019 2-s2.0-33749398457 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Milk and dairy produce waste from frequent product changes can be reduced through appropriate product sequencing and more efficient product scheduling.
“Other sources of milk and dairy produce waste result from frequent product changes, but this can be reduced through appropriate product sequencing and more efficient product scheduling [114].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [114] Berlin J. Sonesson U. Tillman A.-M. A life cycle based method to minimise environmental impact of dairy production through product sequencing Journal of Cleaner Production 2006 15 4 347 356 10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.019 2-s2.0-33749398457 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Waste levels in the dairy industry are generally quite high.
“Generally, waste levels in the dairy industry are quite high.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Consumers in the USA are the major contributor to fish waste.
“Research into retail and consumer waste has shown that consumers in the USA are the major contributor to fish waste.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] Kantor L. S. Lipton K. Manchester A. Oliveira V. Estimating and addressing America's food losses Food Review 1997 20 1 2 12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [58] Hodges R. J. Buzby J. C. Bennett B. Postharvest losses and waste in developed and less developed countries: opportunities to improve resource use The Journal of Agricultural Science 2011 149 S1 37 45 10.1017/s0021859610000936 2-s2.0-78349302726 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The trend in fish waste by USA consumers has steadily increased from 16% in 1995 to 31% in 2010 despite efficient transport and storage facilities.
“Interestingly, the trend in waste by consumers has steadily increased from 16% in 1995 to 31% in 2010 despite having efficient transport and storage facilities [13, 17, 58].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] Kantor L. S. Lipton K. Manchester A. Oliveira V. Estimating and addressing America's food losses Food Review 1997 20 1 2 12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [58] Hodges R. J. Buzby J. C. Bennett B. Postharvest losses and waste in developed and less developed countries: opportunities to improve resource use The Journal of Agricultural Science 2011 149 S1 37 45 10.1017/s0021859610000936 2-s2.0-78349302726 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Cleaning and packaging processes associated with dairy products significantly contribute to waste levels.
“In addition, cleaning and packaging processes associated with dairy products were also found to significantly contribute to waste levels [111].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [111] Casey J. W. Holden N. M. A systematic description and analysis of GHG emissions resulting from Ireland’s milk production using LCA methodology DIAS Report, Animal Husbandry 2004 61 219 221
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the UK, both meat and fish processing were responsible for about 56% of all wastes produced in the food supply chain.
“It has been estimated that in the UK both meat and fish processing were responsible for about 56% of all wastes produced in the food supply chain as shown in Table 6 [36, 93].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [36] WRAP The Food We Waste 2008 Banbury, UK WRAP
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [93] WRAP Waste Arising's in the Supply of Food and Drink to Households in the UK 2010 Banbury, UK WRAP
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The management of wastes produced during processing of aquatic plants remains largely unknown.
“Likewise, the management of wastes produced during processing remains largely unknown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Phycocolloids were extracted from the remaining aquatic plants to be used as nutritional supplements in various forms of farm animal and aquaculture feedstock.
“Phycocolloids were extracted from the remaining aquatic plants to be used as nutritional supplements in various forms of farm animal and aquaculture feedstock [156, 157].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [156] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fish matters: importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply Reviews in Fisheries Science 2013 21 1 22 38 10.1080/10641262.2012.753405 2-s2.0-84874043866 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [157] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fishing for feed or fishing for food: increasing global competition for small pelagic forage fish AMBIO 2009 38 6 294 302 10.1579/08-a-574.1 2-s2.0-77649315586 19860152 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Fish wastes can be processed to produce oil, silage, fertiliser, composting matter, and fish protein concentrates.
“Fish wastes can also be processed to produce oil, silage, fertiliser, composting matter, and fish protein concentrates [138].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [138] Wyatt B. McGourty G. Use of marine by-products on agricultural crops Proceedings of the International By-Products Conference 1990 Anchorage, Alaska, USA
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Currently, only around ten major countries are converting fish waste into fishmeal products: Canada, Chile, Denmark, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russian Federation, Thailand, and the USA.
“Currently, there are only around ten major countries converting fish waste into fishmeal products, that is, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russian Federation, Thailand, and the USA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [133] Shepherd J. Aquaculture: are the criticisms justified? Feeding fish to fish World Agriculture 2012 3 2 11 18
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
To date, very little has been done to fully develop and commercialise fish waste byproducts such as chitin, chitosan, carotenoid pigments, and enzymes.
“But, to date, very little has been done to fully develop and commercialise these types of products [123].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [123] Archer M. Watson R. Denton J. W. Fish waste production in the United Kingdom: the quantities produced and opportunities for better utilisation Seafish Report 2001 SR537 Grimsby, UK Sea Fish Industry Authority
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The majority of aquaculture production, around 9 million tonnes, was destined for human consumption.
“Studies have shown that the majority of aquaculture production, around 9 million tonnes, was destined for human consumption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [156] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fish matters: importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply Reviews in Fisheries Science 2013 21 1 22 38 10.1080/10641262.2012.753405 2-s2.0-84874043866 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [157] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fishing for feed or fishing for food: increasing global competition for small pelagic forage fish AMBIO 2009 38 6 294 302 10.1579/08-a-574.1 2-s2.0-77649315586 19860152 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
These countries on average are only using around 25% of their fish wastes to produce fishmeal products.
“However, these countries on average are only using around 25% of their fish wastes to produce fishmeal products [133].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [133] Shepherd J. Aquaculture: are the criticisms justified? Feeding fish to fish World Agriculture 2012 3 2 11 18
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In Japan, 90% of the ingredients used in fishmeal are derived from fish wastes.
“For example, in Japan, 90% of the ingredients used in fishmeal are derived from fish wastes [134].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [134] Trade and Agriculture Directorate Fishing for development—green growth in fisheries and aquaculture 2014 TAD/FI-(2014)13 Paris, France Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The wastewater from Nile perch processing contained 6,160 mg/L of lipids and 2,000 mg/L of protein.
“An investigation of the wastewater revealed that it contained 6,160 mg/L of lipids and 2,000 mg/L of protein [143].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [143] Arvanitoyannis I. S. Kassaveti A. Fish industry waste: treatments, environmental impacts, current and potential uses International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2008 43 4 726 745 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01513.x 2-s2.0-40549131025
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Fish wastes are a rich source of chitin, chitosan, carotenoid pigments, and enzymes that can be used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
“Furthermore, fish wastes are also a rich source of chitin, chitosan, carotenoid pigments, and enzymes that can be used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals [139].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [139] Raghuraman H. Extraction of sulfated glycosaminoglycans from mackerel and herring fish waste [M.S. thesis] 2013 Halifax, Canada Dalhousie University
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Similar issues encountered for biodiesel production are also prevalent for bioethanol production such as algal biomass separation and contamination.
“But similar issues encountered for biodiesel production are also prevalent for bioethanol production such as algal biomass separation and contamination [163, 164].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [163] Brennan L. Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010 14 2 557 577 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009 2-s2.0-72049083209
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- cites [164] John R. P. Anisha G. S. Nampoothiri K. M. Pandey A. Micro and macroalgal biomass: a renewable source for bioethanol Bioresource Technology 2011 102 1 186 193 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.139 2-s2.0-77957329631 20663661
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Microalga typically doubles its biomass every 24 hours under normal growing conditions.
“For example, microalga typically doubles its biomass every 24 hours under normal growing conditions, while the oil content of microalgae can range from 15 to 75% (dry weight) and annually can produce oil from 58,700 up to around 136,900 litres per hectare [158, 159].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [158] Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae Biotechnology Advances 2007 25 3 294 306 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 2-s2.0-33947617349 17350212
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [159] Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol Trends in Biotechnology 2008 26 3 126 131 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002 2-s2.0-39149105620 18221809
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In developing countries, factors such as food type, processing facilities, storage facilities, transport, and even climatic conditions are the principal drivers in food waste management strategies.
“In developing countries, factors such as food type, processing facilities, storage facilities, transport, and even climatic conditions are the principal drivers in food waste management strategies [174].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [174] Rutten M. M. What economic theory tells us about the impacts of reducing food losses and/or waste: implications for research, policy and practice Agriculture & Food Security 2013 2 1 2 13 10.1186/2048-7010-2-13
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The disposal cost will have a direct impact on whether a business will go down the recovery and value-adding option or take the waste disposal route.
“In fact, the disposal cost will have a direct impact on whether a business will go down the recovery and value-adding option or take the waste disposal route [18].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In Australia, around 62% of all consumer queries involve issues concerning environmental impact.
“In Australia, around 62% of all consumer queries involve issues concerning environmental impact [181].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [181] Australian Bureau of Statistics Year Book: Environmental Views and Behaviours (1301.0) 2003 Canberra, Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Because of business confidentiality reasons, food waste management costs are normally not reported.
“However, because of business confidentiality reasons, food waste management costs are normally not reported.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [173] Lipinski B. Hanson C. Lomax J. Kitinoja L. Waite R. Searchinger T. Reducing food loss and waste 2013 Washington, DC, USA World Resources Institute
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Another challenge associated with microalgae production in open ponds is contamination from naturally occurring algae and bacteria.
“Another challenge associated with microalgae production in open ponds is contamination from a wide range of naturally occurring algae and bacteria [160].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [160] Cheng J. J. Timilsina G. R. Status and barriers of advanced biofuel technologies: a review Renewable Energy 2011 36 12 3541 3549 10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.031 2-s2.0-79960199057
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- Premisecitation
Kummu et al. found that the biggest improvements in food waste management would occur where the demand for additional food was the least.
“The study also found that the biggest improvements in food waste management would occur where the demand for additional food was the least [169].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [169] Kummu M. De Moel H. Porkka M. Siebert S. Varis O. Ward P. J. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use Science of the Total Environment 2012 438 477 489 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092 2-s2.0-84868015371 23032564 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The disadvantage of using microalgae for producing biodiesel is the high cost of production and separation needed to remove microalgal biomass from growing media.
“The disadvantage of using microalgae for producing biodiesel is the high cost of production and separation that is needed to remove microalgal biomass from the growing media [159, 162].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [159] Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol Trends in Biotechnology 2008 26 3 126 131 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002 2-s2.0-39149105620 18221809
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [162] Pienkos P. T. Darzins A. L. The promise and challenges of microalgal-derived biofuels Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2009 3 4 431 440 10.1002/bbb.159 2-s2.0-67650721445
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The biggest hurdle preventing full-scale production of biodiesel from crops such as soybean, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, corn, palm kernels, animal fat, and oils is land availability.
“The biggest hurdle preventing the full-scale production of biodiesel from these crops is land availability [161].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [161] Hoekman S. K. Biofuels in the U.S.—challenges and opportunities Renewable Energy 2009 34 1 14 22 10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.030 2-s2.0-51649106603
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- Premisecitation
Actual food supply chain losses and their true impacts are often undervalued and underreported.
“Whenever food waste utilisation is debated, it is generally discussed in terms of processing methods, but actual food supply chain losses and their true impacts are often undervalued and underreported [170].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [170] Binyon S. Reducing and Managing Waste in the Food Industry: Food Industry Sustainability Best Practice Workshop 2007 London, UK Food and Drinks Federation
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The non-reporting of food waste management costs often leads to partial and unproven estimates of the impact of food waste and makes assessments of waste management strategies difficult.
“This often leads to partial and unproven estimates of the impact of food waste and makes assessments of waste management strategies difficult [173].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [173] Lipinski B. Hanson C. Lomax J. Kitinoja L. Waite R. Searchinger T. Reducing food loss and waste 2013 Washington, DC, USA World Resources Institute
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Consumer knowledge relating to the production and distribution of food they purchase and its environmental impact is poor.
“In fact, consumer knowledge relating to the production and distribution of food they purchase and its environmental impact is poor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Most consumers are only aware of industrial pollution and wildlife conservation.
“Education is particularly important since most consumers are only aware of industrial pollution and wildlife conservation [183].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [183] Lea E. Worsley A. Australian consumers' food-related environmental beliefs and behaviours Appetite 2008 50 2-3 207 214 10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.012 2-s2.0-39749138205 17604876
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- May combine two claims. 77
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 52
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationUSDA analysis shows a downward drift in consumer waste compared to retailer waste between 1995 and 2010, although consumers are often blamed for high waste levels.
“This data is presented in Table 4 and shows a downward drift in consumer waste compared to retailers waste, although consumers are often blamed for high waste levels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOver 1995 to 2010, retail waste increased for most commodities especially grain products, while consumer waste levels significantly decreased for some food products such as grain products and fruits.
“Also, over this period, retail waste has increased for most commodities especially grain products, while consumer waste levels have significantly decreased for some food products such as grain products and fruits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationIn the South African food supply chain, consumer waste levels are relatively low while distribution and infrastructure waste levels are relatively high.
“While consumer waste levels are relatively low, distribution and infrastructure waste levels are relatively high.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFood waste is not only a humanitarian problem, but also a serious economic and environmental problem.
“The vast amount of food ending up as waste is not only a humanitarian problem, but also a serious economic and environmental problem [5–7].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] Kroyer G. T. Impact of food processing on the environment-an overview LWT—Food Science and Technology 1995 28 6 547 552 10.1016/0023-6438(95)90000-4 2-s2.0-0000930618 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] Gustavsson J. Cederberg C. Sonesson U. van Otterdijk R. Meybeck A. Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention 2011 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Kosseva M. R. Webb C. Food industry wastes Introduction: Causes and Challenges of Food Wastage 2013 San Diego, Calif, USA Academic Press
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationFood waste is a major challenge facing humanity today.
“Food is a basic human need, while food waste has been identified as a major challenge facing humanity today [1].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Mirabella N. Castellani V. Sala S. Current options for the valorization of food manufacturing waste: a review Journal of Cleaner Production 2014 65 28 41 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.051 2-s2.0-84893813494 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCurrent levels of waste occurring in the food supply chain are much greater than other industries and arise from the lack of willingness or inability to coordinate the various activities along the chain.
“However, current levels of waste occurring in the food supply chain are much greater than other industries and arise from the lack of willingness or inability to coordinate the various activities along the chain [21–23].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [21] Gooch M. Felfel A. Marenick N. Food Waste in Canada 2010 Value Chain Management Centre
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [22] Loke M. K. Leung P. Quantifying food waste in Hawaii's food supply chain Waste Management and Research 2015 33 12 1076 1083 10.1177/0734242x15607427 2-s2.0-84947420134 26446198 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] Ravindran R. Jaiswal A. K. Exploitation of food industry waste for high-value products Trends in Biotechnology 2016 34 1 58 69 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.008 2-s2.0-84955276333 26645658 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenComparisons of food waste levels are difficult because waste levels can be presented in terms of percentage waste, local currency, and even weight loss.
“In addition, making comparisons is difficult because waste levels can be presented in terms of percentage waste, local currency, and even weight loss.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 2009, Italian agricultural produce estimated to be 17.7 million tonnes was left in the ground and equated to around 3.25% of total produce production.
“For example, in 2009, Italian agricultural produce estimated to be 17.7 million tonnes was left in the ground and equated to around 3.25% of total produce production [32].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Quested T. E. Marsh E. Stunell D. Parry A. D. Spaghetti soup: the complex world of food waste behaviours Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2013 79 43 51 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.04.011 2-s2.0-84885435008
Not checked in the free run.
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PremisecitationGrain storage waste levels range from less than 1% in Malawi to 12 to 13% in Bangladesh and 3 to 6% in Malaysia.
“For example, grain storage waste levels range from less than 1% in Malawi [46, 47] to 12 to 13% in Bangladesh and 3 to 6% in Malaysia [48] as seen in Figure 1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [46] Singano C. D. Nkhata B. T. Mhango V. Theu M. P. K. J. National annual report on larger grain borer monitoring and Teretrius nigrescens rearing and releases in Malawi Plant Protection Progress Report for the 2007/2008 Season, Presented at the Department of Agricultural Research Services Planning and Review Meeting, Andrews Hotel, Mangochi, 14–20 September, 2008 2008 1 8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [47] Singano C. D. Phiri T. Nkhata B. T. Mhango V. Theu M. P. K. J. National agricultural produce inspection services annual technical report for the period July 2007–June 2008 Proceedings of the Department of Agricultural Research Services Planning and Review Meeting September 2008 Mangochi, Malawi Plant Protection Progress Report for the 2007/2008 Season
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [48] FAO Household Metal Silos: Key Allies in FAO's Fight against Hunger 2008 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAustralians throw away around AU$1.1 billion (US$0.84 billion) worth of fruits and vegetables each year, making them the largest food waste category.
“Australians, for example, throw away around AU$ 1.1 billion (US$ 0.84 billion) worth of fruits and vegetables each year making them the largest food waste category [19].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Baker D. Fear J. Denniss R. What a waste: an analysis of household expenditure on food Policy Brief 2009 6 Australia Institute
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRice is recognised as the world's second staple food and on average has a waste level equivalent to 15% of total global production.
“Among the grains, rice is recognised as the world's second staple food and on average has a waste level equivalent to 15% of total global production [44, 45].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [44] Liang L. China's post-harvest grain losses and the means of their reduction and elimination Jingji Dili (Economic Geography) 1993 1 92 96
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [45] Grolleaud M. Post-Harvest Losses: Discovering the Full Story. Overview of the Phenomenon of Losses during the Post-Harvest System 2002 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn the Netherlands, annual food wastage costs are around €4.4 billion (US$4.9 billion).
“while studies in the Netherlands have revealed that annual food wastage costs are around € 4.4 billion (US$ 4.9 billion).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Tielens J. Candel J. Reducing food waste, improving food security? Food and business knowledge platform, 2014, http://knowledge4food.net/
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [34] Kouwenhoven G. Nalla N. Vijayender R. Creating sustainable businesses by reducing food waste: a value chain framework for eliminating inefficiencies International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2012 15 3 119 137
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFruits and vegetables are the main source of household food waste and equate to around one-third of purchased food products.
“Similar studies have also found that fruits and vegetables are the main source of household food waste and equate to around one-third of purchased food products [36].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] WRAP The Food We Waste 2008 Banbury, UK WRAP
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGrain waste in the Chinese supply chain is 19.0% ± 5.8%, with consumers accounting for the single largest portion of the waste (7.3% ± 4.8%).
“Studies have also shown that grain waste in the Chinese supply chain is 19.0% ± 5.8%, with consumers accounting for the single largest portion of the waste (7.3% ± 4.8%) [49].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Liu J. Lundqvist J. Weinberg J. Gustafsson J. Food losses and waste in China and their implication for water and land Environmental Science & Technology 2013 47 18 10137 10144 10.1021/es401426b 2-s2.0-84884264448 23941556 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUsing food waste as an alternative energy source reduces the amount of waste going to landfill and diminishes associated problems of gas emissions and groundwater contamination.
“Using food waste as an alternative energy source has the advantage of reducing the amount of waste going to landfill and diminishing the associated problems of gas emissions and groundwater contamination [29, 30].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [29] Han S.-K. Shin H.-S. Biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of food waste International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2004 29 6 569 577 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2003.09.001 2-s2.0-0442296375 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [30] Zhang R. El-Mashad H. M. Hartman K. Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion Bioresource Technology 2007 98 4 929 935 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.039 2-s2.0-33748528124 16635571 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the United Kingdom, potatoes came first in a ranking of 100 fruits and vegetables and accounted for around 0.4 million tonnes (10%) of total waste produced annually.
“For instance, in the United Kingdom (UK), potatoes came first in a ranking of 100 fruits and vegetables and accounted for around 0.4 million tonnes (10%) of total waste produced annually [37].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Hirsch J. Harmanci R. Food Waste: The Next Food Revolution 2013 Modern Farmer
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSome studies indicate that agrofood sector waste could be as large as 40% of the total production value.
“Surprisingly, some studies have indicated that the agrofood sector waste could be as large as 40% of the total production value [33]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Tielens J. Candel J. Reducing food waste, improving food security? Food and business knowledge platform, 2014, http://knowledge4food.net/
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn the Philippines, fruit wastes from crops such as papaya can range between 30 and 60% of the total crop.
“In the Philippines, fruit wastes from crops such as papaya can range between 30 and 60% of the total crop [12].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Redlingshöfer B. Soyeux A. Food losses and wastage as a sustainability indicator of food and farming systems Proceedings of the Producing and Reproducing Farming Systems: New Modes of Organisation for Sustainable Food Systems of Tomorrow, 10th European IFSA Symposium 2012 Aarhus, Denmark
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the Netherlands, end-consumers waste around €2.4 billion (US$2.7 billion) or about 10% of all food purchased.
“End-consumers waste around €2.4 billion (US$ 2.7 billion) or about 10% of all food purchased”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] Tielens J. Candel J. Reducing food waste, improving food security? Food and business knowledge platform, 2014, http://knowledge4food.net/
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [34] Kouwenhoven G. Nalla N. Vijayender R. Creating sustainable businesses by reducing food waste: a value chain framework for eliminating inefficiencies International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2012 15 3 119 137
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningResults of food waste studies are not comparable because they did not assess the whole food supply chain and were carried out using different assessment protocols.
“In many cases, the results of these studies are not comparable, since they did not assess the whole food supply chain (only looked at specific stages and waste types) and were carried out by different researchers worldwide using different assessment protocols.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenIn Switzerland, around 47% of all vegetables produced are wasted in the food supply chain.
“For example, in Switzerland, around 47% of all vegetables produced are wasted in the food supply chain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIt is extremely difficult to obtain detailed information from all stakeholders involved in the food supply chain because of business confidentiality considerations.
“Nevertheless, it is extremely difficult to obtain detailed information from all stakeholders involved in the food supply chain because of business confidentiality considerations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMuch of the data on crop waste comes from studies carried out almost 40 years ago and no recent studies have been carried out, so there is no current assessment of crop waste levels.
“Unfortunately, much of this data comes from studies carried out almost 40 years ago and because no recent studies have been carried out there is no current assessment of crop waste levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFood wastes can be a source of renewable energy with the potential to significantly reduce the current dependency on energy derived from fossil fuels.
“Food wastes have also been considered as a source of renewable energy with the potential to significantly reduce the current dependency on energy derived from fossil fuels [27, 28].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [27] Sánchez Ó. J. Cardona C. A. Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks Bioresource Technology 2008 99 13 5270 5295 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.013 2-s2.0-43049115291 18158236 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [28] Sarkar N. Ghosh S. K. Bannerjee S. Aikat K. Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: an overview Renewable Energy 2012 37 1 19 27 10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.045 2-s2.0-79961126357 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningCurrently, municipal wastes are recycled through anaerobic digesters to produce biogas, but agrowastes are yet to be converted using this type of processing facility.
“Currently, municipal wastes are recycled through anaerobic digesters to produce biogas, but agrowastes are yet to be converted using this type of processing facility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEstimates of market size, market price, potential bio-based share, potential bio-based production size, potential impact for local producers, potential local employment, and prospects for development are very low and rather poor.
“Estimates of market size, market price, potential bio-based share, potential bio-based production size, potential impact for local producers, potential local employment, and prospects for development are very low and rather poor [73].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [73] Langeveld J. W. A. Dixon J. Jaworski J. F. Development perspectives of the biobased economy: a review Crop Science 2010 50 supplement 1 S-142 S-151 10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0529 2-s2.0-77953133927 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationApproximately 30% of South Africa's crop production depends directly on irrigated water, while fruit and vegetable production consumes around 90% of all irrigated water used.
“For example, approximately 30% of SA's crop production depends directly on irrigated water, while fruit and vegetable production consumes around 90% of all irrigated water used [56].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] DAFF South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGrain wastes are the most abundant agricultural wastes and the most underutilised.
“Arguably, grain wastes are the most abundant agricultural wastes and the most underutilised [65].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [65] Tengerdy R. P. Szakacs G. Bioconversion of lignocellulose in solid substrate fermentation Biochemical Engineering Journal 2003 13 2-3 169 179 10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00129-8 2-s2.0-0037366810 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Pakistan, grain waste accounts for around 16% of total production, or 3.2 million tonnes annually, and results from inadequate storage infrastructure that permits widespread rodent infestation.
“In Pakistan, grain waste accounts for around 16% of total production, or 3.2 million tonnes annually, and results from inadequate storage infrastructure that permits widespread rodent infestation [53].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] The Times of India India wastes 21 million tonnes of wheat every year Report 2013 Mumbai, India The Times of India
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBioethanol is currently produced from corn in the United States of America, European Union, and China.
“For example, bioethanol is currently produced from corn in the USA, European Union, and China [75].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] Mielenz J. R. Ethanol production from biomass: technology and commercialization status Current Opinion in Microbiology 2001 4 3 324 329 10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00211-3 2-s2.0-0034985361 11378487 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSmall-scale biofuel plants can utilise locally produced food waste and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and wood resources.
“Small-scale biofuel plants can utilise locally produced food waste and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and wood resources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe main reasons agrowastes are not converted in anaerobic digesters are providing a continuous supply of agrowastes to the facility and developing cost-effective transportation between waste sources and facilities.
“The main reasons for this are (1) providing a continuous supply of agrowastes to the facility and (2) developing cost-effective transportation between waste sources and facilities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe total cost of food waste in South Africa each year is estimated to be around US$5.27 billion and equates to 2.1% of the country's gross domestic product.
“The total cost of food waste in SA each year is estimated to be around US$ 5.27 billion and equates to 2.1% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Timmermans A. J. M. Ambuko J. Belik W. Huang J. Food Losses and Waste in the Context of Sustainable Food Systems 2014 Rome, Italy Research Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security and Nutrition
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 2010, the United States of America placed a replacement target of 12% on all of its chemical feedstock and by 2030 it is expected that bio-based products will have a market share of around 25%.
“For example, in 2010, the USA placed a replacement target of 12% on all of its chemical feedstock and by 2030 it is expected that bio-based products will have a market share of around 25% [68].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] Sengupta D. Pike R. W. Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development 2012 New York, NY, USA CRC Press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIndia's grain waste is estimated to cost around US$14 billion each year and is the highest in the region.
“This level of grain waste is estimated to cost around US$ 14 billion each year and is the highest in the region as seen in Figure 1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Alpha Access India Wastes Up to 30% of Annual Food Grain Production Due to Poor Storage Facilities, Claims Study Evanston, Ill, USA Alpha Access Worldwide 2014, http://www.accessalpha.com/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPostharvest and preprocessing cereal waste in sub-Saharan Africa was estimated to be around US$4 billion, equating to 13.5% of the total cereal production produced by countries in this region.
“And postharvest and preprocessing cereal waste in sub-Saharan Africa was estimated to be around US$ 4 billion. This extremely large cost equates to 13.5% of the total cereal production produced by countries in this region [50].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] World Bank Missing Food: The Case of Postharvest Grain Losses in Sub-Saharan Africa 2011 Washington, DC, USA The World Bank, Natural Resources Institute & FAO
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPackaging and processing have similar waste levels and production costs, suggesting that both stages are not cost-effective and rather prone to wastage.
“Interestingly, packaging and processing have similar waste levels and production costs. This suggests that both stages are not cost-effective and rather prone to wastage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the meat industry, the majority of the waste is produced during slaughtering and consists of various nonedible parts that are categorised as byproducts.
“In the meat industry, the majority of the waste is produced during slaughtering and consists of various nonedible parts that are categorised as byproducts [87, 88].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [87] Halloran A. Clement J. Kornum N. Bucatariu C. Magid J. Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark Food Policy 2014 49 1 294 301 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005 2-s2.0-84908011312 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [88] Russ W. Meyer-Pittroff R. Utilizing waste products from the food production and processing industries Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2004 44 1 57 62 10.1080/10408690490263783 2-s2.0-2142733626 15077881 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningTruck routing is a major cost to food waste collection that has not been fully investigated and could limit large-scale crop waste utilisation.
“This type of truck routing is a major cost to food waste collection that has not been fully investigated and could limit large-scale crop waste utilisation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn tropical regions such as Brazil and Columbia, bioethanol is mainly produced from sugarcane.
“In tropical regions such as in Brazil and Columbia, bioethanol is mainly produced from sugarcane [76].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [76] Rosillo-Calle F. Cortez L. A. B. Towards ProAlcool II—a review of the Brazilian bioethanol programme Biomass and Bioenergy 1998 14 2 115 124 10.1016/s0961-9534(97)10020-4 2-s2.0-0031780695 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe advantage of small-scale biofuel production plant is that it enables local communities to access a renewable energy source.
“The advantage of small-scale biofuel production plant is that it enables local communities to access a renewable energy source.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEggs are vulnerable to bacterial attack if the outer shells are not properly and quickly cleaned to remove faecal particles which contain various microorganisms.
“In the case of egg production, eggs are vulnerable to bacterial attack if the outer shells are not properly and quickly cleaned to remove faecal particles which contain various microorganisms [101, 102].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [101] Theron H. Venter P. Lues J. F. R. Bacterial growth on chicken eggs in various storage environments Food Research International 2003 36 9-10 969 975 10.1016/s0963-9969(03)00117-0 2-s2.0-10744231479
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- cites [102] Palka K. Chemical composition and structure of foods Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components 2002 Boca Raton, Fla, USA CRC Press 11 24
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Switzerland, 18% of all egg wastes occur during production, around 9% occurs in the retail sector, and a massive 64% is produced by consumers.
“For instance, in Switzerland, 18% of all egg wastes occur during production, around 9% occurs in the retail sector, and a massive 64% is produced by consumers as seen in Table 7 [8].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Beretta C. Stoessel F. Baier U. Hellweg S. Quantifying food losses and the potential for reduction in Switzerland Waste Management 2013 33 3 764 773 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.007 2-s2.0-84875234816 23270687 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Japan, out of the 20 million tonnes of meat and poultry wastes produced each year only 3% was used as fertilizer and 5% as animal feed.
“And as a result waste usage declined and out of the 20 million tonnes of wastes being produced each year only 3% was used as fertilizer and 5% as animal feed [99].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [99] Kawashima T. The Use of Food Waste as a Protein Source for Animal Feed—Current Status and Technological Development in Japan 2004 Rome, Italy Protein Source of Animal Feed Industry, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationConsumers and retailers were responsible for around 35% and 5%, respectively, of the total meat waste produced in the United States of America.
“Their study found that consumers and retailers were responsible for around 35% and 5%, respectively, of the total waste produced”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenEggshells contain high levels of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that could be used as an alkaline compound to immobilise heavy metals.
“These eggshells contain high levels of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that could be used as an alkaline compound to immobilise heavy metals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn many countries, slaughterhouse wastes have already been used to produce cattle and poultry feed, since these wastes are an excellent source of many different types of proteins.
“In many countries, slaughterhouse wastes have already been used to produce cattle and poultry feed, since these wastes are an excellent source of many different types of proteins [95].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [95] Jayathilakan K. Sultana K. Radhakrishna K. Bawa A. S. Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 49 3 278 293 10.1007/s13197-011-0290-7 2-s2.0-84863987013 23729848 PMC3614052
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA study carried out in Canada analysing food waste data between 1961 and 2009 found that red meat accounted for 39.73% of the total waste and poultry waste was estimated to be around 40.74%.
“Furthermore, a study carried out in Canada analysing food waste data between 1961 and 2009 found that red meat accounted for 39.73% of the total waste and poultry waste was estimated to be around 40.74% [92].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [92] Abdulla M. Martin R. C. Gooch M. Jovel E. The importance of quantifying food waste in Canada Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 2013 3 2 137 151 10.5304/jafscd.2013.032.018 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the United States of America, around 9% of all egg wastes are produced in the retail sector and consumers produce 14%.
“And in the USA around 9% of all egg wastes are produced in the retail sector and consumers produce 14% as seen in Table 7 [13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBuzby and Hyman in 2012 estimated the total value of meat product waste in the United States of America at US$83,127 million.
“Buzby and Hyman in 2012 [13] estimated the total value of meat product waste in the USA at US$ 83,127 million.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMeat products immediately go to waste if not sold within the labelled expiry date and this is the main reason for wastage at the retail stage.
“It is for this reason that meat products immediately go to waste if not sold within the labelled expiry date and this is the main reason for wastage at the retail stage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAustralian consumers waste around AUS$872.5 million (US$637.5 million) worth of meat and fish every year.
“Similarly, Australian consumers waste around AUS$ 872.5 million (US$ 637.5 million) worth of meat and fish every year [19].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Baker D. Fear J. Denniss R. What a waste: an analysis of household expenditure on food Policy Brief 2009 6 Australia Institute
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationApproximately 50,000 tonnes of eggshells is produced each year.
“Furthermore, because of the extremely large numbers of eggs used worldwide, approximately 50,000 tonnes of eggshells is produced each year [102].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [102] Palka K. Chemical composition and structure of foods Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components 2002 Boca Raton, Fla, USA CRC Press 11 24
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe total value of poultry waste in the United States of America was estimated at US$69,100 million, with consumers being responsible for 37% of the total waste.
“while the total value of poultry waste was estimated at US$ 69,100 million, with consumers being responsible for 37% of the total waste [18].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Korea, the annual consumption of eggs was estimated to be around 540,542 tonnes and is expected to increase every year.
“In Korea, the annual consumption of eggs was estimated to be around 540,542 tonnes and is expected to increase every year [100].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [100] MIFAFF The Statistics for Consumption of Major Livestock Products 2006 Gwacheon, South Korea Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere has been an increasing trend in meat consumption around the world with the United States of America recording the largest increase.
“Overall, there has been an increasing trend in meat consumption around the world with the USA recording the largest increase [90].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90] Trostle R. Global agricultural supply and demand: factors contributing to the recent increase in food commodity prices Report 2008 Washington, DC, USA Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPoor sales forecasting, slow sales, and cold storage problems during transportation contributed to the wastage of many dairy products.
“The study also found that poor sales forecasting, slow sales, and cold storage problems during transportation also contributed to the wastage of many dairy products.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOnly around 43% of shellfish and other fish species are suitable for human consumption and the remaining are classified as waste.
“Similarly, only around 43% of shellfish and other fish species are suitable for human consumption and the remaining are classified as waste [123].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [123] Archer M. Watson R. Denton J. W. Fish waste production in the United Kingdom: the quantities produced and opportunities for better utilisation Seafish Report 2001 SR537 Grimsby, UK Sea Fish Industry Authority
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe southeastern Australian seafood industry produced fish waste estimated to be around 20,000 tonnes per year and cost around US$150 per tonne to dispose of in landfill sites.
“A study by Gavine et al. found that the southeastern Australian seafood industry produced fish waste estimated to be around 20,000 tonnes per year and cost around US$ 150 per tonne to dispose of in landfill sites [129].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [129] Gavine F. M. Gunasekera R. M. Gooley G. J. De Silva S. S. Value adding to seafood, aquatic and fisheries waste through aquafeed development Project 2001 1999/424 Victoria, Australia Department of Natural Resources and Environment
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies in the UK and Spain identified the main causes of milk waste as poor product quality during the summer period, poor forecasting, packaging mistakes, and breakages occurring at the retail stage.
“However, studies in the UK and Spain have identified the main causes of milk waste coming from poor product quality during the summer period, poor forecasting, packaging mistakes, and breakages occurring at the retail stage [18].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationUSA retailers waste around 9% of all dairy products.
“and USA retailers were found to waste around 9% of all dairy products as seen in Table 7 [13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn Denmark, milk and dairy products contribute around 71,000 tonnes of food waste annually.
“And, in the case of Denmark, milk and dairy products contribute around 71,000 tonnes of food waste annually [87]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [87] Halloran A. Clement J. Kornum N. Bucatariu C. Magid J. Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark Food Policy 2014 49 1 294 301 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005 2-s2.0-84908011312 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAround 50% of the world's whey production is treated and transformed into various food products.
“Today, around 50% of the world's whey production is treated and transformed into various food products.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [116] González Siso M. I. The biotechnological utilization of cheese whey: a review Bioresource Technology 1996 57 1 1 11 10.1016/0960-8524(96)00036-3 2-s2.0-0030199270
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe amount of milk and dairy wastes being generated throughout the global food supply chain is still largely unknown.
“However, the amount of milk and dairy wastes being generated throughout the global food supply chain is still largely unknown.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationLess studied fisheries have not been closely monitored or assessed, so there is no data recording the amount of waste being produced.
“The study highlighted that the less studied fisheries have not been closely monitored or assessed, so there is no data recording the amount of waste being produced [122].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [122] Costello C. Ovando D. Hilborn R. Gaines S. D. Deschenes O. Lester S. E. Status and solutions for the world's unassessed fisheries Science 2012 338 6106 517 520 10.1126/science.1223389 2-s2.0-84867877448 23019613 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationRecent studies suggest that waste due to poor management of seafood resources could be as large as US$50 billion each year.
“Recent studies have only discussed wastage in general terms and suggest that waste could be as large as US$ 50 billion each year due to poor management of seafood resources [120, 121].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [120] World Bank Fish to 2030: prospects for fisheries and aquaculture Agriculture and Environmental Services Discussion Paper 2013 3 Washington, DC, USA World Bank Group source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [121] Willman R. Kelleher K. The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform 2010 Washington, DC, USA Agricultural and Rural Development, World Bank Group
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationTreating and transforming whey into food products is a cost-effective solution that adds value to the whey and reduces wastes.
“This cost-effective solution adds value to the whey and reduces wastes [116].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [116] González Siso M. I. The biotechnological utilization of cheese whey: a review Bioresource Technology 1996 57 1 1 11 10.1016/0960-8524(96)00036-3 2-s2.0-0030199270
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany aquatic plants are very rich in protein and are a highly nutritional food that can offer beneficial advantages as a food supplement and have significant medicinal properties.
“Many aquatic plants are very rich in protein and are a highly nutritional food that can offer many beneficial advantages as a food supplement as well as having significant medicinal properties [148–150].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [148] Becker E. W. Micro-algae as a source of protein Biotechnology Advances 2007 25 2 207 210 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002 2-s2.0-33846502109 17196357 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [149] Fujiwara-Arasaki T. Mino N. Kuroda M. The protein value in human nutrition of edible marine algae in Japan Hydrobiologia 1984 116-117 1 513 516 10.1007/BF00027735 2-s2.0-0000162026 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [150] Kay R. A. Barton L. L. Microalgae as food and supplement Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition 1991 30 6 555 573 10.1080/10408399109527556 2-s2.0-0026274721 1741951 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningFish waste processing and utilisation have steadily increased over the years, but several issues restrict its full-scale operation.
“On the whole, fish waste processing and utilisation have steadily increased over the years, but several issues restrict its full-scale operation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFishmeal usage over a 50-year period (1960 to 2010) reveals its increased use in aquaculture, while its use in both swine and poultry feeds has declined.
“Thus, fishmeal usage over a 50-year period (1960 to 2010) reveals its increased use in aquaculture, while its use in both swine and poultry feeds has declined as seen in Figure 5 [136].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [136] Gunasekera R. M. Turoczy N. J. De Silva S. S. Gavine F. Gooley G. J. An evaluation of the suitability of selected waste products in feeds for three fish species Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 2002 11 1 57 78 10.1300/J030v11n01_06 2-s2.0-0036216749 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe reasons for the high levels of fish waste by USA consumers are unknown and need further investigation.
“The reasons for the high levels of waste by USA consumers are unknown and need further investigation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningEnvironmental issues are major factors preventing large-scale development since fish processing plants can be significant polluters.
“In particular, environmental issues are major factors preventing large-scale development since fish processing plants can be significant polluters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenTo date, very little data has been reported in the literature and waste levels produced by aquatic plant food industries remain relatively unknown.
“To date, there has been very little data reported in the literature and wastes levels produced by aquatic plant food industries remain relatively unknown.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFish wastes are a rich source of essential fatty acids and fish skin-and-bone parts are suitable mineral supplements in fish diets.
“For example, fish wastes are a rich source of essential fatty acids and fish skin-and-bone parts are suitable mineral supplements in fish diets [146].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [146] Rathbone C. K. Babbitt J. K. Dong F. M. Hardy R. W. Performance of juvenile Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch fed diets containing meals from fish wastes, deboned fish wastes, or skin‐and‐bone by‐product as the protein Ingredient Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 2001 32 1 21 29
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe literature in the field often overlooks aquatic plant food wastes.
“It is interesting to note that the literature in the field often overlooks aquatic plant food wastes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ban imposed by the European Economic Commission on the use of animal byproducts in animal feeds and similar regulations in the USA contributed to increased usage of fishmeal in aquaculture.
“One of the contributing factors for this trend was the ban imposed by the European Economic Commission on the use of animal byproducts being used in animal feeds. And similar regulations in the USA have also contributed to the increased usage of fishmeal in aquaculture [137].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [137] Dominy S. F. Aquafeed insight ‘organic fish: a niche too far’ Feed International 2000 35 37
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWider acceptance and adoption of mass transformation and sorting could lead to significant reductions in wastes going to landfill and reduce the damaging impact of fish wastes on the environment.
“Wider acceptance and adoption of both methods could lead to significant reductions in wastes going to landfill and reduce the damaging impact of fish wastes on the environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 2010, around 0.44 million tonnes of aquatic plants came from marine capture and about 12 million tonnes were produced by aquaculture.
“This equates to around 0.44 million tonnes of marine capture and about 12 million tonnes being produced by aquaculture in 2010 as seen in Figure 6.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [156] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fish matters: importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply Reviews in Fisheries Science 2013 21 1 22 38 10.1080/10641262.2012.753405 2-s2.0-84874043866
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnnually, around 36,000 tonnes of solid waste and approximately 1,838,000 m3 of produced wastewater containing valuable nutrients are discharged after processing Nile perch from Lake Victoria in East Africa.
“Annually, around 36,000 tonnes of solid waste and approximately 1,838,000 m3 of produced wastewater containing valuable nutrients are discharged [142].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [142] Gumisiriza R. Mshandete A. Manoni T. Nile perch fish processing waste along Lake Victoria in East Africa: auditing and characterization African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2009 3 1 13 20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCurrently over 95.5% of the total global production of aquatic plants is supplied by aquaculture.
“Rather than just relying on marine capture, currently over 95.5% of the total global production of aquatic plants is supplied by aquaculture [156].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [156] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fish matters: importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply Reviews in Fisheries Science 2013 21 1 22 38 10.1080/10641262.2012.753405 2-s2.0-84874043866
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFishmeal contains essential amino acids and is currently the most widely used protein ingredient in aquaculture feeds.
“Importantly, fishmeal contains essential amino acids and as a result it is currently the most widely used protein ingredient in aquaculture feeds [135].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [135] Hardy R. W. Barrows F. T. Diet formulation and manufacture Fish Nutrition 2002 3 505 600
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCurrently, around 59% of all fish wastes go to landfill and only around 39% are reused or incinerated.
“Currently, around 59% of all fish wastes go to landfill and only around 39% are reused or incinerated as seen in Figure 4 [131].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [131] Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum Strategic Waste Management and Minimisation in Aquaculture 2008 SARF Thistle Environmental Partnership
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationConverting fish wastes into fishmeal has been steadily increasing in recent years with many countries converting their fish wastes using cost-effective reprocessing technologies.
“For example, converting fish wastes into fishmeal has been steadily increasing in recent years with many countries converting their fish wastes using cost-effective reprocessing technologies [118, 133].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [118] FAO The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [133] Shepherd J. Aquaculture: are the criticisms justified? Feeding fish to fish World Agriculture 2012 3 2 11 18
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlgae and microalgae are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have the potential to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
“In particular, many algae and microalgae are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have the potential to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases [151, 152].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [151] Herrero M. Ibáñez E. Señoráns J. Cifuentes A. Pressurized liquid extracts from Spirulina platensis microalga: determination of their antioxidant activity and preliminary analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography Journal of Chromatography A 2004 1047 2 195 203 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.001 2-s2.0-4444358653 15460249 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [152] Cohen Z. Vonshak A. Fatty acid composition of Spirulina and spirulina-like cyanobacteria in relation to their chemotaxonomy Phytochemistry 1991 30 1 205 206 10.1016/0031-9422(91)84125-C 2-s2.0-0000724126 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThese drivers become even more demanding if the food wastes are to be converted into high quality functional compounds.
“Furthermore, these drivers become even more demanding if the food wastes are to be converted into high quality functional compounds [176].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [176] Laufenberg G. Kunz B. Nystroem M. Transformation of vegetable waste into value added products: (A) the upgrading concept; (B) practical implementations Bioresource Technology 2003 87 2 167 198 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00167-0 2-s2.0-0037374992 12765356 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBusinesses will investigate the merits of managing wastes in terms of recovery and value adding as opposed to the cost of disposal.
“Furthermore, businesses will investigate the merits of managing wastes in terms of recovery and value adding as opposed to the cost of disposal [172].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [172] Mason L. Boyle T. Fyfe J. Smith T. Cordell D. National Food Waste Data Assessment: Final Report 2011 Sydney, Australia Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, by the Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSurveys have consistently shown that consumers are very concerned about the environment and whether new products are ecofriendly.
“For example, surveys have consistently shown that consumers are very concerned about the environment and whether new products are ecofriendly [178–180], with consumer queries often focusing on whether environmental guidelines were followed during product manufacture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [178] Bang H.-K. Ellinger A. E. Hadjimarcou J. Traichal P. A. Consumer concern, knowledge, belief, and attitude toward renewable energy: an application of the reasoned action theory Psychology & Marketing 2000 17 6 449 468 10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(200006)17:6<449::aid-mar2>3.0.co;2-8 2-s2.0-0040805937
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [179] Fien J. Ai I. T.-C. P. Yencken D. Sykes H. Treagust D. Youth environmental attitudes in Australia and Brunei: implications for education Environmentalist 2002 22 3 205 216 10.1023/a:1016571526997 2-s2.0-0036713661
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [180] Mertig A. G. Dunlap R. E. Environmentalism, new social movements, and the new class: a cross-national investigation Rural Sociology 2001 66 1 113 136 2-s2.0-0035109204
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe most important factor that needs to be carefully considered when planning to adopt a food waste utilisation strategy that aims to produce value-added products is the consumer.
“The most important factor that needs to be carefully considered when planning to adopt a food waste utilisation strategy that aims to produce value-added products is the consumer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenFood wastes produced and their utilisation in aquaculture, livestock, poultry, and dairy industries are rarely reported and need further research.
“However, food wastes produced and their utilisation in aquaculture, livestock, poultry, and dairy industries are rarely reported and need further research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationConsumer acceptance of the new product is the deciding factor.
“However, at the end of the day, it is consumer acceptance of the new product that is the deciding factor [168].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [168] Aurich J. C. Fuchs C. Wagenknecht C. Life cycle oriented design of technical Product-Service Systems Journal of Cleaner Production 2006 14 17 1480 1494 10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.019 2-s2.0-33745749351
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenMuch of the currently available food waste data lacks sufficient details and there is even less information discussing waste utilisation in the respective food supply chains.
“Much of the currently available food waste data lacks sufficient details and there is even less information discussing waste utilisation in the respective food supply chains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationKummu et al. found that the preferred option for food waste utilisation was to use wastes generated from agriculture and consumers.
“A recent study by Kummu et al. found that the preferred option for food waste utilisation was to use wastes generated from agriculture and consumers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [169] Kummu M. De Moel H. Porkka M. Siebert S. Varis O. Ward P. J. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use Science of the Total Environment 2012 438 477 489 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092 2-s2.0-84868015371 23032564 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe oil content of microalgae can range from 15 to 75% (dry weight) and annually can produce oil from 58,700 up to around 136,900 litres per hectare.
“For example, microalga typically doubles its biomass every 24 hours under normal growing conditions, while the oil content of microalgae can range from 15 to 75% (dry weight) and annually can produce oil from 58,700 up to around 136,900 litres per hectare [158, 159].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [158] Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae Biotechnology Advances 2007 25 3 294 306 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 2-s2.0-33947617349 17350212
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [159] Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol Trends in Biotechnology 2008 26 3 126 131 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002 2-s2.0-39149105620 18221809
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe drivers for fish, meat, and poultry waste utilisation are health safety and hygiene risks associated with processing the wastes, whereas the economic drivers for fruit and vegetable waste management include microbial spoilage, costs of drying, storage, and shipment of byproducts.
“For example, the drivers for fish, meat, and poultry waste utilisation are health safety and hygiene risks associated with processing the wastes, whereas the economic drivers for fruit and vegetable waste management include microbial spoilage, costs of drying, storage, and shipment of byproducts [175].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [175] Schieber A. Stintzing F. C. Carle R. By-products of plant food processing as a source of functional compounds—recent developments Trends in Food Science & Technology 2001 12 11 401 413 10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00012-2 2-s2.0-0035746624
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe most important factors that will contribute to the success of any food waste utilisation strategy are its acceptance by the community at large.
“However, the most important factors that will contribute to the success of any food waste utilisation strategy are its acceptance by the community at large.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFood related businesses often resolve their waste management problems by keeping their profitability levels high, usually by reducing energy consumption, reducing raw material usage, and improving recycling activities.
“Generally, food related businesses often resolve their waste management problems by keeping their profitability levels high. They usually achieve this goal by reducing energy consumption, reducing raw material usage, and improving recycling activities [171].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [171] Hyde K. Smith A. Smith M. Henningsson S. The challenge of waste minimisation in the food and drink industry: a demonstration project in East Anglia Journal of Cleaner Production 2001 9 1 57 64 10.1016/s0959-6526(00)00050-0 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenAt present, there is very little information in the literature discussing the industrial scale utilisation of food wastes at local, national, or international level.
“At present, there is very little information in the literature discussing the industrial scale utilisation of food wastes at the local, national, or international level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenReduction of food wastes by effective waste management reduces environmental degradation and improves economic sustainability of the food supply chain.
“In addition, the reduction of food wastes by effective waste management also reduces environmental degradation and improves economic sustainability of the food supply chain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationKummu et al. suggested that 47% of agricultural food wastes and over 86% of consumer wastes could be effectively utilised.
“From a global perspective, their study suggested that 47% of agricultural food wastes and over 86% of consumer wastes could be effectively utilised.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [169] Kummu M. De Moel H. Porkka M. Siebert S. Varis O. Ward P. J. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use Science of the Total Environment 2012 438 477 489 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092 2-s2.0-84868015371 23032564 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAny new product produced from a food waste utilisation process that enters the marketplace will need to be both economically and ecologically sustainable.
“In summary, any new product produced from a food waste utilisation process that enters the marketplace will need to be both economically and ecologically sustainable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThere are a number of hurdles preventing the conversion of food waste to value-added products, including developing effective cost/benefit food waste utilisation strategies, developing efficient ecofriendly reprocessing technologies, reducing environmental degradation, and public acceptance.
“There are a number of hurdles preventing the conversion of food waste to value-added products. These hurdles include developing effective cost/benefit food waste utilisation strategies, developing efficient ecofriendly reprocessing technologies, reducing environmental degradation, and public acceptance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenWithout consumer acceptance of food waste reduction approaches, no sustainable ecofriendly food waste utilisation and management strategy can succeed.
“Without consumer acceptance of food waste reduction approaches, no sustainable ecofriendly food waste utilisation and management strategy can succeed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationnone givenThe present work has identified the need for more detailed studies identifying where, why, and how much food waste is produced between farm and fork.
“The present work has also identified the need for more detailed studies identifying where, why, and how much food waste is produced between farm and fork.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenToday, there is a general absence of detailed information and understanding of the extent of food wastage at different stages of the food value chain from farm to fork.
“Today, there is a general absence of detailed information and understanding of the extent of food wastage at different stages of the food value chain from farm to fork.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe key to successful food waste utilisation and management is to develop appropriate ecofriendly reprocessing technologies that can convert all the valuable components present in the waste into valuable products and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill.
“The key to successful food waste utilisation and management is to develop appropriate ecofriendly reprocessing technologies that can convert all the valuable components present in the waste into valuable products and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe results of both studies clearly indicate the importance of environmental issues to consumers and how this translates into their purchasing behaviour.
“The results of both studies clearly indicate the importance of environmental issues to consumers and how this translates into their purchasing behaviour.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe scale of food waste throughout the food supply chain is complex and can have a significant impact on agriculture, food security, economics, waste utilisation and management, environmental conservation, and human health.
“The scale of food waste throughout the food supply chain is complex and can have a significant impact on a number of different fields such as agriculture, food security, economics, waste utilisation and management, environmental conservation, and human health.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenVery few strategies have highlighted the negative environmental impact of dumping food wastes in landfill sites and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions.
“In fact, very few strategies have highlighted the negative environmental impact of dumping food wastes in landfill sites and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA similar study in Sweden found that customers ranked product taste first, while environmental impact was ranked second.
“A similar study in Sweden found that customers ranked product taste first, while environmental impact was ranked second [182].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [182] Grankvist G. Biel A. The importance of beliefs and purchase criteria in the choice of eco-labeled food products Journal of Environmental Psychology 2001 21 4 405 410 10.1006/jevp.2001.0234 2-s2.0-0035672644
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningConsumer education and acceptance of value-added products derived from food wastes will ultimately determine the success of any food waste utilisation and management strategy.
“Thus, consumer education and acceptance of value-added products derived from food wastes will ultimately determine the success of any food waste utilisation and management strategy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenNo similar strategies have been aimed at raising awareness of food waste utilisation.
“Unfortunately, no similar strategies have been aimed at raising the awareness of food waste utilisation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Food lost or discarded each year accounts for 3.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions globally.
“From an environmental perspective, food lost or discarded each year accounts for 3.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions globally.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There will always be a certain amount of waste produced in the food supply chain.
“Unfortunately, there will always be a certain amount of waste produced in the food supply chain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Companies involved in the food supply chain and the population at large will continue to waste food as long as they can afford to waste.
“Companies involved in the food supply chain and the population at large will continue to waste food as long as they can afford to waste.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In developed countries, consumers are one of the main contributors to food waste and ultimately pay for all wastes produced throughout the food supply chain.
“In developed countries, consumers are one of the main contributors to food waste and ultimately pay for all wastes produced throughout the food supply chain.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Food waste is a significant second-generation resource, although consistent data on per capita generation specific to biofuel potential (estimated at over 200 kg per capita per year for Europe) requires further consolidation.
“Food waste itself is a significant 2-G resource, although consistent data on per capita generation specific to biofuel potential (estimated at over 200 kg per capita per year for Europe) requires further consolidation [120,121].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
Section 2.1 describes food waste as a feedstock for second-generation biofuels and says reliable, comparable food-waste data are lacking. It does not substantiate the estimate of over 200 kg per capita per year for Europe, or identify that figure as waste available for biofuel production. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Australian seafood consumption did not almost triple
MinorConsumption rose from 13.6 kg in 1975 to 25 kg in 2009, an increase to about 1.84 times the earlier level, not almost three times.
Reported 3 · recomputed 1.838235
“In 2009, Australians on average consumed 25 kg of seafood, compared with 18.8 kg in 1995, 17.3 kg in 1985, and 13.6 kg in 1975. The data indicates that overall seafood consumption in Australia has almost tripled over three decades [118].”
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- Authors
- Ghosh, P. R., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S. B., & Poinern, G. E. J.
- Affiliations
- Murdoch University (AU)
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (AU)
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Venue
- International Journal of Food Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 2016
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 2314-5765 (ISSN-L)
- 2356-7015
- PMC
- PMC5101388
- OpenAlex
- W2544525784
- Semantic Scholar
- cb8b41faa1223136319c51ad067a07873002e9aa
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Food Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Horticulture Innovation Australia Project (Al14003)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Keywords
- food waste, food waste management, food supply chain, food waste prevention, food security, consumer food waste, fishery waste, fruit and vegetable waste, dairy waste, public acceptance, sustainability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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