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Gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in older adults: a national probability study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Olfactory and gustatory functions have not been well characterized in older adults in the US. Consequently, their relationships to sociodemographic characteristics, as well as physical and mental health, were studied in a large national probability sample using brief validated tests of chemosensory function. METHODS: A five-odour identification test and taste-impregnated strips of filter paper (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) assessed the ability to identify chemosensory stimuli. RESULTS: Severe gustatory dysfunction was more prevalent than severe olfactory dysfunction. Age, education and sex were independently associated with performance on both the olfactory and gustatory identification tasks. Higher scores were associated with female sex, higher level of education, and lower age. Odour identification scores exhibited a positive, albeit weak, correlation with BMI, and food-related odours were better identified than non-food odours. In addition, odour identification performance was also negatively associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate a high prevalence of severe gustatory and, to a somewhat lesser extent, olfactory dysfunction in a population-based sample and demonstrate that even brief tests are capable of detecting correlations between both chemical senses and relevant health measures outside a clinical setting.
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“The NSHAP found the prevalence of severe gustatory impairment (defined as correct identification of ≤1 of the four flavors: sour, bitter, sweet, salty, presented in that order) to be 14.8% (women 10.2%, men 19.2%) (Boesveldt et al., 2011).”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as Boesveldt et al., 2011
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“The ability to perceive sweetness was preserved to the greatest degree, being correctly identified by 86.7% of subjects, whereas sour taste was correctly identified by only 39.4% of subjects.”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as Boesveldt et al., 2011
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“Odor identification declined with age in both sexes; peppermint odor was correctly identified most often (91.6%) and leather least often (70.5%).”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as Boesveldt et al., 2011
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“The National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP), a US population-based study of community-dwelling older adults aged 57 to 85, found the prevalence of severe olfactory dysfunction (defined as correctly identifying ≤ 1 of 5 odorants: rose, leather, orange, fish, peppermint) to be 2.7% (women, 2.2%, men, 3.2%) (Boesveldt, Lindau, McClintock, Hummel, & Lundstrom, 2011).”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as Boesveldt, Lindau, McClintock, Hummel, & Lundstrom, 2011
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“The sense of taste is also depressed in older adults.”
From Design Principles to Accommodate Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as Boesveldt et al., 2011
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“Consistently, a previous study examined taste and smell functions based on objective measures and found severe taste dysfunction had higher prevalence than severe smell dysfunction among older adults [37].”
BackgroundMicroglial involvement in the development of olfactory dysfunction
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“Therefore, olfactory disorders have become a matter of societal as well as individual importance in an era of accelerated population aging with concurrent increasing risks of neuropathological medical conditions [18,34].”
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Detection of Inflammation via Volatile Cues in Human Urine
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“olfactory dysfunction are seen in older adults [9, 22, 23], males [23-28], certain ethnic/racial minorities [9, 23] and those with lower income/educational attainment [9, 19].”
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Smell, taste and trigeminal disorders in a 65‐year‐old population
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“Other studies have also reported a decrease in olfactory function related to aging [31, 39, 49, 50].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRelative Contribution of Odour Intensity and Valence to Moral Decisions
Cecchetto, C., Rumiati, R. I., & Parma, V. (2017) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006616689279 · Cited by 18
“…of the odour stimuli, their delivery (e.g., Lundström, Gordon, Alden, Boesveldt, & Albrecht, 2010) and the inclusion/exclusion criteria of participants (Boesveldt et al., 2011), an aspect generally neglected in the moral literature, should be promoted as to reduce potential confounding effects.”
BackgroundHummel, T. R., Guerra, N. P., Gunder, N., Haehner, A., & Menzel, S. (2023) · Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie · doi:10.1055/a-1957-3267 · Cited by 22
Self-citationBiological sex as a modulator in rhinologic anatomy, physiology, and pathology: A scoping review
Ramkumar, S., Brar, T., Marks, L., Marino, M. J., & Lal, D. (2023) · International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology · doi:10.1002/alr.23135 · Cited by 15
Gunzer, W. (2017) · The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0873-8 · Cited by 15
Clinical Taste Perception Test for Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis.
Márquez-Herrera, R. M., Núñez-Murillo, G. K., Ruíz-Gurrola, C. G., Gómez-García, E., Orozco-González, C., Cortés-Sanabria, L., Cueto-Manzano, A., & Rojas-Campos, E. (2019) · Journal of renal nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2019.02.003 · Cited by 15
Suzuki, H., Teranishi, M., Katayama, N., Nakashima, T., Sugiura, S., & Sone, M. (2020) · Auris Nasus Larynx · doi:10.1016/j.anl.2020.11.020 · Cited by 15
Taste disorder in facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy: a case report
Ohashi, N., Nonami, J., Kodaira, M., Yoshida, K., & Sekijima, Y. (2020) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01639-x · Cited by 14
Arikawa, E., Kaneko, N., Nohara, K., Yamaguchi, T., Mitsuyama, M., & Sakai, T. (2020) · The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1334-3 · Cited by 12
“Schiffman (25) and Stafford et al. (26) reported that the decline in olfactory function leads to loss of appetite and may be associated with malnutrition, and Boesveldt et al. (27) reported that olfactory function was associated with appetite and nutritional status, albeit weakly.”
A new extension to the Taste Strips test.
Wolf, A., Illini, O., Uy, D., Renner, B., & Mueller, C. (2016) · Rhinology · doi:10.4193/rhin14.266 · Cited by 12
“The new test supported gender differences in gustatory sensitivity reported earlier (26,27).”
BackgroundBoesveldt, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_44 · Cited by 12
Self-citationGinieis, R., Abeywickrema, S., Oey, I., Keast, R., & Peng, M. (2022) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104574 · Cited by 16
Ramírez-Vélez, R., López-Gil, J., de Asteasu, M. L. D., Izquierdo, M., & García-Hermoso, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93355-w · Cited by 10
Women smelling men's masked body odors show enhanced harm aversion in moral dilemmas
Cecchetto, C., Lancini, E., Rumiati, R. I., & Parma, V. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.007 · Cited by 18
Bello, G. A., & Dumancas, G. G. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2017.1405245 · Cited by 10
“Various risk factors for olfactory dysfunction have been identified, with age being the primary one (Boesveldt et al. 2011).”
BackgroundAge effects on the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract of the rat
Vaz, R. P., Pereira, P., & Madeira, M. (2016) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23863 · Cited by 10
“…consequences of olfactory dysfunction in aged humans is appetite suppression, which results in weight loss, malnutrition, impaired immunity, and deterioration of medical conditions (reviewed in Seiberling and Conley, 2004; Hummel and Nordin, 2005; Boyce and Shone, 2006; Boesveldt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSeetharam, A. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781412963855.n1151 · Cited by 10
Evaluation of the sensory perception of sweet taste in people with Diabetes Mellitus type 2
Dias, V. R., Brazil, J. M., Almeida, J., Silva, C. B. D. S., & Milagres, M. P. (2016) · doi:10.15253/2175-6783.2016000400007 · Cited by 9
“security and quality of life, as the loss or impairment of gustatory function creates an environment to domestic accidents, such as the risk of food poisoning by eating spoiled food(1).”
BackgroundBehavioral and Neural Determinants of Odor Valence Perception
Seubert, J., Regenbogen, C., Habel, U., & Lundström, J. N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_39 · Cited by 9
Biological Basis and Functional Assessment of Oral Sensation
Duffy, V., & Hayes, J. E. (2019) · Handbook of Eating and Drinking · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_22-1 · Cited by 8
Sleep and olfaction among older adults
McSorley, V. E., Pinto, J., Schumm, L., Wroblewski, K., Kern, D., McClintock, M., & Lauderdale, D. (2017) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000479066 · Cited by 8
Self-citationThe Influence of Nutritional Status and Sleep Quality on Gustatory Function in Older Adults
Ozturk, E., & Ozturk, Z. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59010041 · Cited by 7
“The dominant demographic phenomenon of the twenty-first century is population aging [2,3].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBhutani, S., & McClain, A. C. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153178 · Cited by 7
Tjahajawati, S., Rafisa, A., Murniati, N., & Zubaedah, C. (2020) · International Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1155/2020/4178674 · Cited by 7
Factors influencing olfactory function in an adult general population sample: the CHRIS study
Gögele, M., Emmert, D., Fuchsberger, C., & Frasnelli, J. (2024) · Chemical Sensors · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjae011 · Cited by 6
“…(Germany (Landis et al. 2004), Spain (Mullol et al. 2012), Sweden (Larsson et al. 2004; Seubert et al. 2017; Ekstrom et al. 2020)), and North America (Mexico (Castillo-Lopez et al. 2020), the United States (Boesveldt et al., 2011; Schubert et al. 2012; Pinto et al. 2015; Hoffman et al. 2016)).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGustatory dysfunction perceptions versus objective gustatory dysfunction among older adults
Park, S. Y., Kim, K. S., & Min, H. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03781-w · Cited by 6
“In the United States, it is estimated that the number of adults older than 55 years will constitute 29% of the population by 2030 [1].”
BackgroundSensory impairment: Natural result of aging
Tam, M., & Koppel, K. (2021) · Journal of sensory studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12693 · Cited by 6
Assessment of gustatory function in aging people using event-related potentials
Hu, C.-H., Yao, L.-Y., Chen, Z., Sun, Z.-F., Zhang, L.-C., & Wei, Y.-X. (2020) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001457 · Cited by 6
L’olfaction dans les troubles dépressifs : intérêts et perspectives
Brand, G., & Schaal, B. (2017) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2016.04.008 · Cited by 6
“[53] Boesveldt S, Lindau ST, McClintock MK, et al.”
Self-awareness of olfactory dysfunction in elderly individuals without neurodegenerative diseases
Toro, M. D. C., Demarco, F. R., Giacomin, L., da Cunha, F. R., dos Reis, M. G. A., & Sakano, E. (2022) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-022-07614-1 · Cited by 5
A novel Appetite Loss in Older Adults with and without Cognitive Impairment (ALOC) screening scale.
Rudzińska, A., Pac, A., Gryglewska, B., Perera, I., Gąsowski, J., & Piotrowicz, K. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107758 · Cited by 4
Intranasal Trigeminal Function in Aging Adults
Feit, N., Kloosterman, N., LaPointe, K. A., Pitiranggon, C., Finnegan, I. E., Smith, C. D., Gregoski, M. J., Rowan, N., Soler, Z., & Schlosser, R. (2024) · American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy · doi:10.1177/19458924241274973 · Cited by 4
Naciri, L. C., Mastinu, M., Melis, M., Green, T., Wolf, A., Hummel, T., & Barbarossa, I. T. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082133 · Cited by 4
“The number of individuals with taste disorders increases with age [2–6], reaching up to 15% among the US population aged over 57 years [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationO'Dowd, A., Hirst, R., Setti, A., Kenny, R., & Newell, F. (2022) · Innovation in aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igac069 · Cited by 4
“Depression was not independently associated with an increased probability of fair/poor hearing or smell (see Author Note 5), although other studies have reported these associations (Boesveldt et al., 2011; Hoffman et al., 1998; Hur et al., 2018; Kiely et al., 2012; although see Pronk et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialVolpe, R., Predieri, S., Cianciabella, M., Daniele, G. M., Gatti, E., Magli, M., Rodinò, P., Schiavetto, E., Sotis, G., & Urbinati, S. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01671-4 · Cited by 5
Lötsch, J., Ultsch, A., & Hummel, T. (2016) · Chemical Sensors · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjw089 · Cited by 4
“loss of olfactory sensations, the latter having an estimated prevalence of approximately 5% in the population (Murphy et al. 2002; Brämerson et al. 2004; Landis et al. 2004; Boesveldt et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTasters, Supertasters, Genes and Environment: How Dietary Choices Influence Our Health
Cena, H., & Oggioni, C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30361-1_9 · Cited by 4
“Normal ageing produces taste loss due to changes in taste cell membranes involving altered function of ion [ 60 ] channels and receptors rather than taste-bud loss.”
BackgroundYang, Y., Zhang, C., & Xiong, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1519290 · Cited by 3
“The prevalence of dysfunction increased with age: OD affected 24.5% of adults aged 53–97, reaching 62.5% in those aged 80–97 (4), while severe GD was reported in 14.8% of adults aged 57–85 (5).”
InfluentialSex differences in post-COVID ageusia/anosmia in the United States
Wiener, R. C., Waters, C., & Bhandari, R. (2024) · Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100129 · Cited by 3
Chemosensory Ability and Sensitivity in Health and Disease: Epigenetic Regulation and COVID-19
Bhatia‐Dey, N., Csoka, A. B., & Heinbockel, T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24044179 · Cited by 4
Normative data on the subjective gustatory function of Chinese adults.
Huang, X., Wu, D.-W., Guo, Y.-C., & Wei, Y.-X. (2021) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.03769 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Boesveldt, S., Lindau, S. T., McClintock, M. K., Hummel, T., & Lundstrom, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Monell Chemical Senses Center (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Rhinology journal
- Publisher
- Stichting Nase
- Published
- 2011-08-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324-330
- ISSN
- 0300-0729 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3775551
- OpenAlex
- W1604682220
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Rhinology Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG021487)
- Office of AIDS Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies
- Keywords
- gustatory dysfunction, olfactory dysfunction, older adults, chemosensory function, odor identification, taste identification, prevalence, sociodemographic factors, depressive symptoms, body mass index, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Olfaction Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Taste Disorders, Comorbidity, Body Mass Index, Prevalence
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