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Daily physical activity and type 2 diabetes: A review
Open accessAbstract
Physical activity improves glycemic control and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moderate to vigorous physical activity is recommended to manage T2D; however, patients with T2D can be physically weak, making it difficult to engage in the recommended levels of physical activity. Daily physical activity includes various activities performed during both occupational and leisure time such as walking, gardening, and housework that type 2 diabetic patients should be able to perform without considerable physical burden. This review focuses on the association between daily physical activity and T2D. Walking was the most common form of daily physical activity, with numerous studies demonstrating its beneficial effects on reducing the risk of T2D, CVD, and mortality. Walking for at least 30 min per day was shown to reduce the risk of T2D by approximately 50%. Additionally, walking was associated with a reduction in mortality. In contrast, evidence was extremely limited regarding other daily physical activities such as gardening and housework in patients with T2D. Recent studies have suggested daily physical activity, including non-exercise activity thermogenesis, to be favorably associated with metabolic risks and mortality. However, well-designed longitudinal studies are warranted to elucidate its effects on overall health.
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“Observational data from 70 000 female nurses in the Nurse's Health Study showed women who did not regularly engage in vigorous physical activity still had a 20-30% reduction in risk of diabetes when regularly walking at a normal pace (3.2-4.8 km/hr).”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Other studies have shown improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity with walking for an hour a day or walking at least 10 000 steps a day.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
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Eqbal, K., Alam, M. A., Quamri, M. A., Sofi, G., & Bhat, M. D. A. (2020) · Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1515/jcim-2020-0072 · Cited by 11
Predicting progression patterns of type 2 diabetes using multi-sensor measurements
Ramazi, R., Perndorfer, C., Soriano, E. C., Laurenceau, J., & Beheshti, R. (2021) · Smart Health · doi:10.1016/j.smhl.2021.100206 · Cited by 14
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Nakiriba, R., Mayega, R. W., Piloya, T., Nabukeera‐Barungi, N., & Idro, R. (2018) · Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s178746 · Cited by 10
“This is in contrast to most studies that have found a strong association between insufficient physical activity and dysglycemia.(44,45) This could have been due to the tools used to assess the level of physical activity that relied on self-reported behaviors.”
ResultSové, R. J., Goldman, D., & Fraser, G. M. (2016) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.12342 · Cited by 10
Grygiel‐Górniak, B., & Skoczek, W. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12185814 · Cited by 13
“The Mediterranean diet has shown benefits in the context of PsA and DMt2, respectively, with significant reductions in DAPSA score and HbA1c levels compared to control groups not undergoing dietary modification [94,95].”
BackgroundThe impact of type 2 diabetes on aging: multidimensional approaches to preserve cognitive health
Lucia, S., Fornaro, S., Federici, M., & Rumiati, R. I. (2025) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-025-02583-3 · Cited by 14
Ioannou, E., Humphreys, H., Homer, C. V., & Purvis, A. J. (2024) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15286 · Cited by 9
Xin, T., Fu, J. P., Tian, J., Yu, Y., Liang, W., Fan, W., & Zhao, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189648 · Cited by 8
“However, physical inactivity, the term used to refer to inability to achieve the recommended levels of physical activity for health [3], is prevalent and affects health problems in many aspects [4], including the central nervous system, cardiopulmonary function, metabolism, muscle strength, bone mass, and immunity, wh…”
BackgroundEffects of Physical Activity on Patients With Diabetes Type 2: A Systematic Review
Bjelica, B., Aksović, N., Bubanj, S., Zelenović, M., Stanković, M. N., Pajović, L., Čaprić, I., Radenković, O., Kahrović, I., Murić, B., et al. (2024) · Balneo and PRM Research Journal · doi:10.12680/balneo.2024.719 · Cited by 9
“The physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) are essential rehabilitation methods. because they have no adverse effects and can be performed for an indefinite period [7, 8].”
InfluentialImpact of lifestyle education for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Zhu, J., Chen, M., Pang, Y., & Li, S. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024208 · Cited by 8
Contemporary Advances in Sports Science
Taïar, R. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93203 · Cited by 8
Martiskainen, T., Lamidi, M., Venojärvi, M., Tikkanen, H. O., & Laatikainen, T. K. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058546 · Cited by 13
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Richardson, M., Chmielewski, C., Wu, C. Y. H., Evans, M. B., McClure, L. A., Hosig, K., & Gohlke, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00113-5 · Cited by 7
“Interventions such as establishing walking clubs promote outdoor activities to sustain these recommendations (Hamasaki 2016; Negri et al.”
BackgroundMartiskainen, T., Lamidi, M., Venojärvi, M., Tikkanen, H. O., & Laatikainen, T. K. (2023) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01428-w · Cited by 7
“Individual PA counselling is helpful for people with T2D, especially for those with previous physical inactivity or with diabetes complications [39].”
BackgroundKhan, M., Sonkar, G., Singh, S., & Sonkar, S. (2019) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-018-0710-6 · Cited by 5
Hanprathet, N., Lertmaharit, S., Lohsoonthorn, V., Rattananupong, T., Ammaranond, P., & Jiamjarasrangsi, W. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s219524 · Cited by 8
Tang, W., Zhan, J., Li, S., Liu, Y., & Ho, C. (2022) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.013 · Cited by 7
Efficacy of Wearable Devices to Measure and Promote Physical Activity in the Management of Diabetes
Hamasaki, H. (2018) · EMJ Diabetes · doi:10.33590/emjdiabet/10312817 · Cited by 7
Self-citationSharma, K., Poudyal, S., Subba, H. K., & Khatiwada, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286139 · Cited by 7
Physical Activity and Obesity in Adults
Hamasaki, H. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/64672 · Cited by 7
“NEAT is intricately regulated by endocrine, genetic, and sociological factors [39].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFurthering the Field of Lifestyle Medicine Through the Donald A. Pegg Student Leadership Award
Lintvedt, A. F., Garcia, A., Coffee, A. K., Manga, S., & Voehl, T. (2023) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276231189234 · Cited by 6
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE RISK OF OBESITY IN ADULTHOOD
Suryadinata, R. V., & Sukarno, D. A. (2019) · The Indonesian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.20473/ijph.v14i1.2019.107-117 · Cited by 6
Sadia, L., Barua, L., Banik, P. C., & Faruque, M. (2020) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.14 · Cited by 6
Ghafri, T. A., Anwar, H., Hinai, E. A., Harthi, T. A., Jufaili, F. A., Siyabi, R. A., Harthi, S. A., Hasani, S. A., Harthi, M. A., & Harthi, S. A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11549-3 · Cited by 7
Sarría‐Santamera, A., Alexeyeva, Z., Chan, M., Ortega, M. A., Asúnsolo, Á., & Navarro-García, C. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10040752 · Cited by 6
Mahmood, B., Nettlefold, L., Ashe, M. C., Puyat, J. H., & Tang, T. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266599 · Cited by 6
“Regular physical activity (PA) decreases the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, hypertension, colon cancer and type 2 diabetes [1, 2].”
BackgroundA comparison of the energy demands of quadrupedal movement training to walking
Buxton, J. D., Sherman, S. A., Sterrett, M. T., Kannel, K. K., Blanchflower, M. E., Jancay, K. T., Jenkins, A. K., Donofrio, T. P., & Prins, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.992687 · Cited by 6
Prevalence of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes among Adults in the Western Province of Sri Lanka
Katulanda, P., Fernando, D. R., Senarath, U., Samita, S., Katulanda, G. W., Wickramasinghe, P., & Wijewickrama, E. S. (2025) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_383_24 · Cited by 5
Development Assistance for Health and the Challenge of NCDs Through the Lens of Type 2 Diabetes
Savedoff, W. D., Yazbeck, A. S., Peters, D. H., & Nguyen, S. N. (2025) · Health Systems & Reform · doi:10.1080/23288604.2025.2531693 · Cited by 5
Indarto, D., Dwipajati, D., Dirgahayu, P., Wibowo, Y. C., & Pratama, Y. M. (2022) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2022/4875993 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Hamasaki, H.
- Affiliations
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hamasaki, Hidetaka
- ORCID
- Hamasaki, Hidetaka
- Venue
- World Journal of Diabetes
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 243
- ISSN
- 1948-9358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4914832
- OpenAlex
- W2434834142
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, daily physical activity, walking, non-exercise activity thermogenesis, glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, mortality, leisure-time physical activity, occupational physical activity, gardening, housework, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
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