Flea Diversity and Infestation Prevalence on Rodents in a Plague-Endemic Region of Uganda
Abstract
In Uganda, the West Nile region is the primary epidemiologic focus for plague. The aims of this study were to 1) describe flea–host associations within a plague-endemic region of Uganda, 2) compare flea loads between villages with or without a history of reported human plague cases and between sampling periods, and 3) determine vector loads on small mammal hosts in domestic, peridomestic, and sylvatic settings. We report that the roof rat, Rattus rattus, is the most common rodent collected in human dwellings in each of the 10 villages within the two districts sampled. These rats were commonly infested with efficient Y. pestis vectors, Xenopsylla cheopis and X. brasiliensis in Arua and Nebbi districts, respectively. In peridomestic and sylvatic areas in both districts, the Nile rat, Arvicanthus niloticus, was the most abundant rodent and hosted the highest diversity of flea species. When significant temporal differences in flea loads were detected, they were typically lower during the dry month of January. We did not detect any significant differences in small mammal abundance or flea loads between villages with our without a history of human plague, indicating that conditions during inter-epizootic periods are similar between these areas. Future studies are needed to determine whether flea abundance or species composition changes during epizootics when humans are most at risk of exposure.
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Ctenocephalides spp. are only occasionally found on rodents and are considered unlikely bridging vectors of plague between animals and humans.
“Ctenocephalides spp. are only occasionally found on rodents and considered unlikely bridging vectors of plague between animals and humans [23-25].”
From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [25]
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Skryabina, A. (2023) · Immunopathology Allergology Infectology · doi:10.14427/jipai.2023.3.95
WITHDRAWN: Detection of Amblyomma maculatum and Rickettsia parkeri in prairies of Central Missouri
Vaughn, J., Brown, H. J., Ogunbadewa, A. J., Odemuyiwa, S. O., Anderson, D. M., & Halsey, S. J. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101126
RetractedDetection of Amblyomma maculatum and Rickettsia parkeri in prairies of Central Missouri
Vaughn, J., Brown, H. J., Ogunbadewa, A. J., Odemuyiwa, S. O., Anderson, D. M., & Halsey, S. J. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101190
Медведев, С. Г., Verzhutsky, D. B., & Kotti, B. K. (2024) · Entomological Review · doi:10.1134/s0013873824030059
Materu, A. E., Mafie, E. M., Nzalawahe, J. S., & Mnyone, L. L. (2025) · Journal of Parasitology Research · doi:10.1155/japr/5513199
Msoffe, V. T., Mwombeki, F. K., Thomas, C. A., Lyimo, C. M., Katakweba, A. S., Misinzo, G., & Mnyone, L. L. (2026) · International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2026.101215
- Authors
- Amatre, G., Babi, N., Enscore, R. E., Ogen-Odoi, A., Atiku, L. A., Akol, A., Gage, K. L., & Eisen, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 718-724
- ISSN
- 0002-9637 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167484916
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Keywords
- plague vectors, Yersinia pestis, Xenopsylla cheopis, rodent infestation, Rattus rattus, seasonal variation, plague epizootics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Ectoparasitic Infestations, Siphonaptera, Host-Parasite Interactions, Housing, Humans, Plague, Rodent Diseases, Rodentia, Time Factors, Trees, Uganda, Endemic Diseases
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