CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 116Smoking Behavior and CessationHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of LifeEconomic and Financial Impacts of Cancer

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Financial Impact of Smoking on Health-Related Costs: A Review of the Literature

Max, Wendy·2001·American Journal of Health Promotion
DOI 10.4278/0890-1171-15.5.321
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose.: To summarize our knowledge of the economic impact of smoking on health-related outcomes and to discuss the quality of this evidence. The potential effect of smoking-related health promotion programs on reducing costs is discussed. Data Sources.: Studies reviewed were cited in recently published reviews, identified through database searches of MEDLINE/HealthSTAR, PsychINFO, and ABI/Inform or obtained from reference lists of other studies. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.: Included are studies of the health care and other costs of smoking published in English in peer-reviewed journals during the last 20 years. Studies of annual and lifetime costs are included as are studies of employer costs. Forty-nine studies were reviewed. Data Extraction Methods.: Data extracted were total costs, medical care and other direct costs, lost productivity, and mortality costs. Underlying methodologies were described and compared. Data Synthesis.: The annual cost of smoking is between 6 and 14% of personal health expenditures. Estimates have increased over time, reflecting better and more comprehensive methodologies. Smoking appears to result in increased lifetime costs, although some studies have found contrary results. In the workplace, smokers incur greater medical costs and more lost productivity than nonsmokers. They also impose costs on their nonsmoking coworkers. Major Conclusions.: The overwhelming body of evidence in the literature asserts that smoking imposes costs on an annual basis, that it leads to increased medical costs over the life span, and that many of these costs are borne by employers. Although the methods for studying this issue have evolved over time and are presently quite comprehensive, future research is needed to further substantiate the findings and develop further refinements.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4278/0890-1171-15.5.321

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 51 references

Research works printed but not linked: 23

  1. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), US Congress, 1985, Smoking-related Deaths and Financial Costs
  2. Miller LS, 1998, Public Health Rep, 113, 447
  3. Hammond EC, 1966, Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Cancer and Other Disease, 127
  4. Shultz JM, 1991, Public Health Rep, 106, 326
  5. 10.1136/tc.4.suppl1.S39 · DOI
  6. Schumacher D, 1996, Alaska Med, 38, 13
  7. Lynch T, 1996, J Fla Med Assoc, 83, 128
  8. Breukelman FN, 1988, Del Med J, 60, 735
  9. Smith PF, 1990, N Y State J Med, 90, 56
  10. Bartlett JC, 1994, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 43, 469
  11. Forbes SF, 1983, Can J Public Health, 74, 183
  12. Kaiserman MF, 1997, Chronic Dis Can, 18, 13
  13. Gray A, 1988, N Z Med J, 101, 270
  14. Phillips D, 1992, N Z Med J, 105, 240
  15. Chen J, 1995, Biomed Environ Sci, 8, 335
  16. Jin SF, 1995, Biomed Environ Sci, 8, 342
  17. Miller LS, 1998, Public Health Rep, 113, 140
  18. Zhang X, 1999, Health Care Financ Rev, 20, 179
  19. Braden B, 1998, Health Care Financ Rev, 20, 83
  20. Manning WG, 1989, Do smokers and drinkers pay their way? JAMA, 261, 1604
  21. Hodgson TA, 1998, (Letter to the editor) N Engl J Med, 338, 471
  22. Robbins AS, 2000, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 49, 441
  23. Zhang X, 1999, Cigarette Smoking and Nursing Home Utilization in the United States: An Estimate of 1993 National and State Nursing Home Expenditures Attributable to Cigarette Smoking

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Max, W.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author
Max, Wendy
ORCID
Max, Wendy
Venue
American Journal of Health Promotion
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2001-05
Volume
15
Issue
5
Pages
321-331
ISSN
  • 0890-1171 (ISSN-L)
  • 2168-6602
DOI
10.4278/0890-1171-15.5.321
OpenAlex
W2063068484
Cited by
115
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
FWCI
4.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • American Journal of Health Promotion (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Financial Impacts of Cancer
Keywords
smoking, economic burden of smoking, health care costs, productivity loss, employer costs, lifetime costs, mortality costs, cost estimation methods
MeSH terms
Absenteeism, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost Control, Health Promotion, Health Services Research, Humans, Smoking, United States, Health Care Costs, Employer Health Costs, Workplace, Cost of Illness

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review