Copper requirements of the ammonia‐oxidizing archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1 and implications for nitrification in the marine environment
Abstract
Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) have recently been recognized as the primary nitrifiers in the marine environment; they thus play an important role in the nitrogen cycle. Available genome sequences of AOA indicate that numerous Cu‐dependent enzymes are essential for both ammonia oxidation and electron transfer, suggesting a particularly high requirement for copper. However, our knowledge of the copper requirements of AOA and their response to copper limitation in the ocean is nonexistent. Here, we examine the copper requirements of the chemolithoautotrophic AOA Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1 using a combination of the metal chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane‐1,4,8,11‐tetraacetic acid and show that ammonia oxidation is limited at free cupric ion concentrations < 10 −12.7 mol L −1 , which are higher than concentrations frequently reported for many coastal and oceanic regimes. Prolonged exposure of cells to copper starvation for up to 6 d had no effect on the recovery of ammonia oxidation by N. maritimus. In addition, we present evidence that N. maritimus does not produce a copper‐binding ligand (chalkophore) under copper limitation and therefore probably relies mainly on acquisition of copper ions from surrounding media. Copper limitation may be an important constraint on archaeal ammonia oxidation throughout the marine environment.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the modern ocean, Cu-metalloproteins are involved in nitrification, denitrification, and ammonia oxidation, resulting in a substantial bacterial Cu requirement.
“In the modern ocean, Cu-metalloproteins are involved in the first step of nitrification, last step of denitrification, and during ammonia oxidation; the net result is a substantial bacterial Cu requirement (Amin et al., 2013).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Amin et al., 2013
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Palomo, A., Pedersen, A. G., Fowler, J., Dechesne, A., Sicheritz‐Pontén, T., & Smets, B. F. (2018) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0083-3 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Marine ammonia-oxidizing archaeal isolates display obligate mixotrophy and wide ecotypic variation
Qin, W., Amin, S. A., Martens‐Habbena, W., Walker, C. B., Urakawa, H., Devol, A. H., Ingalls, A. E., Moffett, J. W., Armbrust, E. V., & Stahl, D. A. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1324115111 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Santoro, A. E., Dupont, C. L., Richter, R. A., Craig, M. T., Carini, P., McIlvin, M. R., Yang, Y., Orsi, W. D., Moran, D. M., & Saito, M. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1416223112 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution
Robbins, L. J., Lalonde, S. V., Planavsky, N. J., Partin, C. A., Reinhard, C. T., Kendall, B., Scott, C., Hardisty, D. S., Gill, B. C., Alessi, D. S., et al. (2016) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.013 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Confounding effects of oxygen and temperature on the TEX 86 signature of marine Thaumarchaeota
Qin, W., Carlson, L. T., Armbrust, E. V., Devol, A. H., Moffett, J. W., Stahl, D. A., & Ingalls, A. E. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1501568112 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Santoro, A. E., Richter, R. A., & Dupont, C. L. (2018) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063141 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Nitrification and beyond: metabolic versatility of ammonia oxidising archaea
Wright, C. L., & Lehtovirta‐Morley, L. E. (2023) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-023-01467-0 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Qin, W., Amin, S. A., Lundeen, R. A., Heal, K. R., Martens‐Habbena, W., Turkarslan, S., Urakawa, H., Costa, K. C., Hendrickson, E. L., Wang, T., et al. (2017) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.186 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gwak, J.-H., Jung, M., Hong, H., Kim, J., Quan, Z., Reinfelder, J. R., Spasov, E., Neufeld, J. D., Wagner, M., & Rhee, S. (2019) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0538-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Santoro, A. E., Saito, M. A., Goepfert, T. J., Lamborg, C. H., Dupont, C. L., & DiTullio, G. R. (2017) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.10547 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Copper distribution and speciation across the International GEOTRACES Section GA03
Jacquot, J. E., & Moffett, J. W. (2014) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.11.013 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bayer, B., Vojvoda, J., Reinthaler, T., Reyes, C., Pinto, M., & Herndl, G. J. (2019) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003360 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Horak, R. E. A., Qin, W., Bertagnolli, A. D., Nelson, A., Heal, K. R., Han, H., Heller, M. I., Schauer, A. J., Jeffrey, W. H., Armbrust, E. V., et al. (2017) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.10665 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wan, X. S., Hou, L., Kao, S., Zhang, Y., Sheng, H., Shen, H., Tong, S., Qin, W., & Ward, B. B. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2220697120 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Copper-binding ligands in the NE Pacific
Whitby, H., Posacka, A. M., Maldonado, M. T., & van den Berg, C. M. G. (2018) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2018.05.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Shafiee, R. T., Snow, J. T., Zhang, Q., & Rickaby, R. E. M. (2019) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0434-8 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ammonia Oxidation in the Ocean Can Be Inhibited by Nanomolar Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide
Tolar, B. B., Powers, L. C., Miller, W. L., Wallsgrove, N. J., Popp, B. N., & Hollibaugh, J. T. (2016) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00237 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Meta-omic signatures of microbial metal and nitrogen cycling in marine oxygen minimum zones
Glass, J. B., Kretz, C. B., Ganesh, S., Ranjan, P., Seston, S. L., Buck, K. N., Landing, W. M., Morton, P. L., Moffett, J. W., Giovannoni, S. J., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00998 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Marine ammonia-oxidising archaea and bacteria occupy distinct iron and copper niches
Shafiee, R. T., Diver, P., Snow, J. T., Zhang, Q., & Rickaby, R. E. M. (2021) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1038/s43705-021-00001-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Wagner, F. B., Nielsen, P. B., Boe-Hansen, R., & Albrechtsen, H. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.025 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sources, sinks, and cycling of dissolved organic copper binding ligands in the ocean
Ruacho, A., Richon, C., Whitby, H., & Bundy, R. M. (2022) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00597-1 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Herbold, C. W., Jung, M., Qin, W., Cai, M., Du, H., Lin, J., Li, X., Li, M., & Gu, J. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116798 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Physical mixing in coastal waters controls and decouples nitrification via biomass dilution
Haas, S., Robicheau, B. M., Rakshit, S., Tolman, J., Algar, C. K., LaRoche, J., & Wallace, D. W. R. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2004877118 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Reyes, C., Hodgskiss, L. H., Kerou, M., Pribasnig, T., Abby, S., Bayer, B., Kraemer, S., & Schleper, C. (2020) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0715-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Tolar, B. B., Ross, M. J., Cheek, J. B., Sweeney, C. M., Wallsgrove, N. J., Popp, B. N., & Hollibaugh, J. T. (2018) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0066-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Urakawa, H., Martens‐Habbena, W., Huguet, C., de la Torre, J. R., Ingalls, A. E., Devol, A. H., & Stahl, D. A. (2014) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.4.1321 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chemical Speciation of Copper in a Salt Marsh Estuary and Bioavailability to Thaumarchaeota
Whitby, H., Hollibaugh, J. T., & van den Berg, C. M. G. (2017) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00178 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Koike, K., Smith, G. J., Yamamoto, R., Lücker, S., & Matsuura, N. (2021) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117986 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Posacka, A. M., Semeniuk, D. M., Whitby, H., van den Berg, C. M. G., Cullen, J. T., Orians, K. J., & Maldonado, M. T. (2017) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2017.05.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jacquot, J. E., Horak, R. E. A., Amin, S. A., Devol, A. H., Ingalls, A. E., Armbrust, E. V., Stahl, D. A., & Moffett, J. W. (2014) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2014.02.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Zhou, Q., Tu, C., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Vogts, A., Plewe, S., Pan, X., Luo, Y., & Waniek, J. J. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158217 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea in biological interactions
Kim, J., Gazi, K. S., Awala, S. I., Jung, M., & Rhee, S. (2021) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-021-1005-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Biogeochemical controls on ammonium accumulation in the surface layer of the Southern Ocean
Smith, S., Altieri, K. E., Mdutyana, M., Walker, D. R., Parrott, R. G., Gallie, S., Spence, K. A. M., Burger, J. M., & Fawcett, S. E. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-19-715-2022 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Copper limiting threshold in the terrestrial ammonia oxidizing archaeon Nitrososphaera viennensis
Reyes, C., Hodgskiss, L. H., Baars, O., Kerou, M., Bayer, B., Schleper, C., & Kraemer, S. M. (2020) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2020.01.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Organic dissolved copper speciation across the U.S. GEOTRACES equatorial Pacific zonal transect GP16
Ruacho, A., Bundy, R. M., Till, C. P., Roshan, S., Wu, J., & Barbeau, K. A. (2020) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103841 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wagner, F. B., Nielsen, P. B., Boe-Hansen, R., & Albrechtsen, H. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.061 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Overlooked Genetic Diversity of Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea Lineages in the Global Oceans
Cheung, S., Mak, E. W. K., Xia, X., Lu, Y., Cheung, Y., & Liu, H. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2018jg004636 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cu(II) adsorption onto ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea
Gorman‐Lewis, D., Martens‐Habbena, W., & Stahl, D. A. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.04.011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wagner, F. B., Diwan, V., Dechesne, A., Fowler, J., Smets, B. F., & Albrechtsen, H. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b03885 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Abundance, diversity and physiological preferences of comammox Nitrospira in urban groundwater
Tang, X., Li, Y., Liu, M., Hou, L., & Han, P. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167333 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Phanerozoic radiation of ammonia oxidizing bacteria
Ward, L. M., Johnston, D. T., & Shih, P. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81718-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pađan, J., Marcinek, S., Cindrić, A.-M., Santinelli, C., Brogi, S. R., Radakovitch, O., Cédric Garnier, A., & Omanović, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2020.628749 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fisk, L. M., Barton, L., Maccarone, L. D., Jenkins, S. N., & Murphy, D. V. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10711-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zitoun, R., Connell, S. D., Cornwall, C. E., Currie, K., Fabricius, K., Hoffmann, L. J., Lamare, M. D., Murdoch, J., Noonan, S. H. C., Sander, S. G., et al. (2019) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf19167 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wong, K. H., Obata, H., Kim, T., Kondo, Y., & Nishioka, J. (2021) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.11695 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effects of Copper Availability on the Physiology of Marine Heterotrophic Bacteria
Posacka, A. M., Semeniuk, D. M., & Maldonado, M. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00523 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Microbe, climate change and marine environment: Linking trends and research hotspots
Segaran, T. C., Azra, M. N., Lananan, F., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ancient landscapes and the relationship with microbial nitrification
Jenkins, S. N., Murphy, D. V., Waite, I. S., Rushton, S., & O’Donnell, A. G. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30733 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sarker, D. C., Sathasivan, A., & Rittmann, B. E. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.019 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mdutyana, M., Marshall, T. A., Sun, X., Burger, J. M., Thomalla, S., Ward, B. B., & Fawcett, S. E. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-19-3425-2022 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The complex provenance of Cu-binding ligands in the South-East Atlantic
Zitoun, R., Achterberg, E. P., Browning, T. J., Hoffmann, L. J., Krisch, S., Sander, S. G., & Koschinsky, A. (2021) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2021.104047 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Heal, K. R., Qin, W., Amin, S. A., Devol, A. H., Moffett, J. W., Armbrust, E. V., Stahl, D. A., & Ingalls, A. E. (2018) · Environmental Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12664 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Shafiee, R. T., Snow, J. T., Hester, S., Zhang, Q., & Rickaby, R. E. M. (2021) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15491 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cui, M., & Gnanadesikan, A. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2021jc017742 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Qin, W., Martens‐Habbena, W., Kobelt, J. N., & Stahl, D. A. (2016) · Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria · doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm01290 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Moriyasu, R., John, S. G., Bian, X., Yang, S., & Moffett, J. W. (2023) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2022gb007521 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Monreal, P. J., Savoca, M. S., Babcock‐Adams, L., Moore, L. E., Ruacho, A., Hull, D., Pallin, L. J., Nichols, R. C., Calambokidis, J., Resing, J. A., et al. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01965-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Marcinek, S., Cindrić, A.-M., & Omanović, D. (2025) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2025.104513 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Top‐Down Control of Ammonia Oxidizers by Grazing in the North Pacific
Ni, S., Xu, M., Du, M., Laws, E. A., & Kao, S. (2024) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2024gl108484 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Martocello, D. E., & Wankel, S. D. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c05964 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Monthly distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microbes in a tropical bay
Mao, T.-Q., Li, Y., Dong, H., Yang, W.-N., & Hou, L. (2020) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-021-0287-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
High diversity of nitrifying bacteria and archaea in biofilms from a subsea tunnel
Kop, L. F. M., Koch, H., Martins, P. D., Suarez, C., Karačić, S., Persson, F., Wilén, B., Hagelia, P., Jetten, M. S. M., & Lücker, S. (2025) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiaf032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sarker, D. C., Krishna, K. C. B., Ginige, M. P., & Sathasivan, A. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141709 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Molecular characterization of organically bound copper in the marine environment
Babcock‐Adams, L. (2022) · doi:10.1575/1912/28623 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Pan, F., Zhang, Y., Han, H., Pan, D., & Luan, F. (2025) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2025.116338 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marine archaea and their functional networks in oceanic biogeochemical cycling
Sheikh, S. M., Hussain, U., Umare, P. D., Jethani, D. L., & Prasad, S. K. (2025) · Discover Oceans · doi:10.1007/s44289-025-00113-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oudova‐Rivera, B., Crombie, A. T., Murrell, J. C., & Lehtovirta‐Morley, L. E. (2026) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiag026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, B., Chai, Z., Chen, J., Bo, L., Xia, Z., 崔家琪, & Zheng, M. (2026) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134784 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moffett, J. W. (2019) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2019gb006416 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, S. (2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2021-149-ac1
(2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2021-280-rc1
(2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2021-149-rc3
(2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2021-149-rc2
(2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2021-149-rc1
Mdutyana, M. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2021-280-ac1
Mdutyana, M. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2021-280-ac2
In situ monitoring of natural labile copper during the growth process of a marine diatom
Han, H., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Pan, D. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126662
Yoshida, S., Mayika, K. B., Asanuma, H., Moussavou, M., Sato, T., Hirata, T., Ligna, C., Sawaki, Y., & Edou-Minko, A. (2026) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2026.102290
Nitrogen cycle in the Northwest Pacific: from source-sink structure to multi-interface fluxes
Wan, X. S., Zhao, Y., Shen, H., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Sheng, H., Xiu, P., Cao, Z. C. Z., & Shi, D. (2026) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb-2025-5754
Koike, K., Smith, G. J., Okuda, N., Konno, R., Watanabe, S., Kusunoki, Y., Kawakami, S., van Alen, T. A., van Kessel, M. A. H. J., Yamamoto, R., et al. (2026) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1093/ismeco/ycag135
Chemical Speciation Defines Archaeal Ammonia‐Oxidizer Distribution in Yellowstone Hot Springs
Weeks, K. M., Trembath‐Reichert, E., Robare, J. A., Debes, R. V., Howells, A. E. G., & Shock, E. L. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2025jg009285
Hu, S., Wu, H., Ling, Q., Li, S., Wan, W., Hu, P., Xiao, J., Du, H., Zhao, J., Chen, H., et al. (2026) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117971
Kim, S., Im, J. H., Aziz, I., Liu, S., Baozhan, 王. W., & Jung, M. (2026) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111882
- Authors
- Amin, S. A., Moffett, J. W., Martens-Habbena, W., Jacquot, J. E., Han, Y., Devol, A., Ingalls, A. E., Stahl, D. A., & Armbrust, E. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Armbrust, E. Virginia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Limnology and Oceanography
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-10-21
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2037-2045
- ISSN
- 0024-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-5590
- OpenAlex
- W2096398643
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Limnology and Oceanography (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Division of Ocean Sciences
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial metabolism and enzyme function
- Keywords
- ammonia-oxidizing archaea, copper requirement, copper limitation, ammonia oxidation, nitrification, marine nitrogen cycle, copper-binding ligands, metal chelators, copper enzymes, electron transfer
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
