The Skills of Document Use

“The advent of microcomputers and the introduction of online journals and databases at the beginning of the 1990s led to considerable development of online bibliographic and abstract or full-text databases with search software (Downing, Moore, & Brown, 2005; Rouet, 2006; Tenopir et al., 2003).”

“[1-3].”

“We found that low VS capacity readers had more difficulty recalling the links located at a deeper level in the page hierarchy.”

“Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. doi:10.1162/dmal.9780262562324.049 Rouet, J.-F. (2006).”

“The MD-TRACE describes the cognitive processes involved in students completing externally assigned tasks using multiple texts, with these unfolding over five steps (Rouet, 2006; Rouet & Britt, 2011).”

“The skills and cognitive processes involved in academic reading often extend beyond those involved in the comprehension of a single passage of text (Britt & Gabrys, 2000; Goldman, 2004; Leu et al., 2004; Rouet, 2006; Sabatini et al., 2014).”

“It is also compatible with the observation that it is difficult for students to integrate information from multiple texts and spot contradictions (Rouet, 2006; Wiley et al., 2009) unless there is a high amount of world knowledge.”

“Whereas the proposed CAEM (List & Alexander, 2017/ this issue) focuses on students’ orientations toward the reading task, the RESOLV model (Rouet et al., 2017/this issue) introduces the potential impact that students’ representations of contextual demands and opportunities may have on the formation of reading goals. R…”

“On one hand, maintaining student ownership of the questions (Tabak et al. 1995; Bereiter 2002) and autonomy in the selection of resources (Rouet 2006) are crucial in inquiry.”

“Consider that the Internet affords individuals the opportunity to read multiple, conflicting accounts of current events (Rouet, 2006), or that history students must integrate across multiple texts to understand a historical incident (Wineburg, 2001).”

“In line with the document model (Britt et al., 1999; Perfetti et al., 1999; Rouet, 2006), we distinguish between two types of regulation: first, cognitive regulation in which learners elaborate on the contents in order to compensate for the lexical inconsistencies (situation model); second,…”

“No obstante, son los modelos de búsqueda de información en documentos (Guthrie, 1988; Rouet, 2006) los que consideramos más adecuados para explicar los procesos implicados en tareas de respuesta a preguntas por la proximidad entre ambas situaciones.”

“Web users will primarily select information based on its relevance to the task at hand (see Rouet, 2006; Kiili et al., 2008), although a concurrent critical evaluation of source characteristics of information is indispensable as it can help individuals to avoid misinformation and overcome…”

“Just as a speaker in a conversation has a purpose of conveying a message to the listener (Clark, 1996), the writer tries to convey a message to the reader (Rouet, 2006).”

“An important feature of complex and deep learning in ill-structured domains is to build knowledge connections, rather than to accumulate facts (Rouet, 2006; Wallace et al., 2000).”

“In the case of internet searching, this pertains to the integration of information from various online sources in open-ended learning environments (Rouet, 2006).”

“Similarly, the Task-based Relevance and Content Extraction (TRACE) model (Rouet, 2006), offers an approach for purposeful reading.”

“Getting an adequate picture about the validity of explanatory models of climate change, for instance, requires recipients to process divergent and often conflicting information from different websites, to evaluate the credibility and plausibility of this information, and to integrate it into a coherent and welljustifi…”

“…of questions that teachers may ask have been considered from a range of theoretical perspectives (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001; Goldman & Durán, 1988; Graesser, Ozuru, & Sullins, 2010; McMaster et al., 2012; Mosenthal, 1996; Pearson & Johnson, 1978; Raphael & Au, 2005; Rouet, 2006; Sánchez, 2010).”

“Moreover, the results obtained in the current study agree with TRACE model (Rouet, 2006) which emphasized the role of students’ strategic A.”

“This study lends credence to the need for cognitively based theories of task-oriented reading, such as the TRACE framework (Rouet, 2006).”

“Related to the latter, the documents model framework (Perfetti et al., 1999; Rouet, 2006; Britt and Rouet, 2012) and recent frameworks of purposeful reading (Rouet et al., 2017) specify the types of representations needed when reading multiple documents.”

“…different mappings between questions, mental representations, and cognitive processes exist (Goldman et al. 2003; Graesser et al. 2009; Reder 1987; Rouet 2006), Bloom’s taxonomy (1956) continues to have a reasonably sound foundation on depth with respect to the demands on cognitive processing:…”

“…combine, compose, rearrange, rewrite, compile, and structure information in a way that facilitates their understanding of the multiple texts they approach (Dole et al., 1991; Duke & Pearson, 2002; Glister, 2000; Hartman, 1995; Leu, Zawilinski, et al., 2007; Rouet, 2006; Stromso & Braten, 2002).”

“While a variety of models have been proposed to conceptualize students’ multiple text use, the most prominent of these is the Multiple Documents Task-Based Relevance Assessment and Content Extraction (MD-TRACE) model of multiple texts (Rouet and Britt 2011; Rouet 2006).”

“Researchers pointed out that readers may face reading problems when they are exposed to complex information environments [41,42].”

“According to the Documents Model, readers can construct two types of representations when reading multiple texts: an intertext model and an integrated mental model.”

“…et al., 2009; Henry, 2006; Hirsh, 1999; Hoffman, Wu, Krajcik, & Soloway, 2003; Kafai & Bates, 1997; Kuiper, Volman, & Terwel, 2005, 2009; Large & Beheshti, 2000; Lorenzen, 2001; Rouet, 2006; Rouet & Coutelet, 2008; Schacter, Chung, & Dorr, 1998; Wallace, Kupperman, Krajcik, & Soloway, 2000).”

“In some contexts, readers are thought to explicitly represent sources and relationships between sources and their content (Britt, Perfetti, Sandak,&Rouet, 1999; Perfetti, Rouet,&Britt, 1999; Rouet, 2006; Wineburg, 1991).”

“Thus, readers of computerized documents experience problems with surface legibility (i.e. a greater difficulty to actually perceive the information displayed), and sometimes with deep legibility as well (i.e. the text is harder to comprehend; Baccino, 2004; Rouet, 2006).”

“Synthesizing is a challenging task for most readers (Rouet, 2006; Mateos & Sole, 2009) and the Internet introduces new complexities into the synthesizing process (Coiro, 2005).”

“…intertextual) Explica los procesos de comprensión cuando se lee para seleccionar textos confiables md-trace Cognitivo Britt, Rouet y Braasch (2013); Rouet (2006) La comprensión se construye entre dos o más fuentes, en una representación mental coherente, sin mezclarlas Explica los procesos de…”

“To amplify core competencies that occur during productive online inquiry, we applied the Documents Model framework that explains how readers build a coherent understanding of multiple online texts (Rouet, 2006).”

“Asin historical sourcing, it is critical to analyze the nature of information sources in order to build a robust mental model (Braasch & Bra˚ten, 2017; Perfetti et al., 1994; Rouet, 2006).”

“Similar to this study, Rouet (2006) found that teacher candidates’ upward scrolling behaviour increased when they met questions in online text.”

“…the generation of effective keyword search strategies (Bilal, 2000; Kuiper et al., 2008), inference as to which link may be most useful within a set of search engine results (Henry, 2006), and efficient evaluation of relevant information within websites (McDonald and Stevenson, 1996; Rouet, 2006).”

“Das Konzept des Informationszugriffs („Access“) lässt sich theoretisch in der Leseforschung verankern (z. B. Rouet, 2006; vgl. auch Leseaspekte in Large-Scale Assessments, z. B. OECD, 2009a).”

“As models of MSU indicate that variables such as knowledge and motivation have the potential to play a role in students’ selection and use of sources (Rouet, 2006), future research should consider the extent that these factors influence source use.”

“Most research has focused on explaining accuracy in task-oriented reading with adult participants (e.g., OECD, 2019; Rouet, 2006; Rouet et al., 2017; Snow, 2002; VidalAbarca et al., 2011).”

“Work on web navigation and document use (Rouet 2006) This special issue contains (seven) studies addressing cognitive modelling of web navigation and related topics.”

“This indicated that they had built an incorrect and incomplete representation of task demands, with consequences on poorer performance, as predicted by the TRACE model (Rouet, 2006).”

“When reading multiple texts, the optimal cognitive outcome is a documents model in which essential units of information are linked across texts and tagged for their sources (Perfetti et al., 1999; Rouet, 2006).”

“Hypertexts provide multiple information of varying formats through semantically interconnected nodes of information and links (Amadieu et al., 2017; DeStefano & LeFevre, 2007; Rouet, 2006).”

“A prominent model, the Multiple-Document Task-Based Relevance Assessment and Content Extraction Model (MD-TRACE, Rouet, 2006; Rouet & Britt, 2011), identifies the process of multiple text learning as unfolding through a series of five, potentially recursive, steps.”

“Both prompts were intended to guide participants’ attention to source features which were subsumed under three categories: credibility, reliability and relevance (Rouet, 2006).”

“Un modelo especialmente relevante por su generalidad es el modelo TRACE (Task-based Relevance and Content Extraction) propuesto por Rouet (2006).”

“…of the task, the forms of instruction, the collaborative work, the thematic convergence of the sources, or the frequency of use of the sources, among others (Granado-Peinado et al., 2019; Mateos et al., 2020; Primor & Katzir, 2018; Rouet, 2006; Segev-Miller, 2007; Vandermeulen et al., 2020).”

“Another main component of multiple texts comprehension is creating a representation of source information (Perfetti et al., 1999; Rouet, 2006), which contains information about sources (e.g., authors or publications), links between sources and content included in the integrated mental model, and…”

“…different approaches to the promotion of knowledge integration: The MD-TRACE model (“Multiple-Document Task-Based Relevance Assessment and Content Extraction”) describes how readers represent their goals by forming a task model in multiple-document comprehension (Rouet, 2006; Rouet & Britt, 2011).”

“Dans le cas de documents offrant un ensemble important de ressources indépendantes, d’autres types de représentations seraient plus appropriés telles que le concept de modèle documentaire impliquant par exemple une représentation des sources et de leur validité (Rouet, 2006).”

“The proxies of student collaboration are often studied with verbal indexes [14, 15].”

“2011; Rouet 2006).”