The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Embodied Cognition
Abstract
Embodied cognition is a recent development in psychology that practitioners often present as a superseding standard cognitive science. In this outstanding introduction, Lawrence Shapiro sets out the central themes and debates surrounding embodied cognition, explaining and assessing the work of many of the key figures in the field, including Lawrence Barsalou, Daniel Casasanto, Andy Clark, Alva Noë, and Michael Spivey. Beginning with an outline of the theoretical and methodological commitments of standard cognitive science, Shapiro then examines philosophical and empirical arguments surrounding the traditional perspective, setting the stage for a detailed examination of the embodied alternative. He introduces topics such as dynamical systems theory, ecological psychology, robotics, and connectionism, before addressing core issues in philosophy of mind such as mental representation and extended cognition. This second edition has been updated and revised throughout and includes new chapters that both expand on earlier topics and that introduce new material on embodied concepts, preference formation, and emotion. Including helpful chapter summaries and annotated further reading at the end of each chapter, Embodied Cognition, Second Edition is essential reading for all students of philosophy of mind, psychology, and cognitive science.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Embodied cognition emphasizes how cognitive processes are shaped by the physical body and its sensorimotor interactions with the world (Clark 1999; Shapiro 2019; Varela et al. 1991).”
From The myth of the Bayesian brain (2025) · cites this paper as Shapiro 2019
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 482
Multimodal Processing in Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
Morett, L. M. (2025) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal20342
Exploring Embodied and Bioenergetic Approaches in Trauma Therapy
Invitto, S., & Moselli, P. (2025) · The Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis · doi:10.30820/0743-4804-2025-35-17
A Global Dialogical Field: Merging the Physical and the Digital in a Hybrid Conferencing Tool
Oyarzun, L. J., Castillo, D. N. D., Alonso, R., Valdez, R., Johanes, M., Kim, F. C., Dietz, D., & Huang, J. (2025) · Springer series in adaptive environments · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78357-9_13
Respiratory phases modulate visuo-spatial attention: Evidence from line bisection and landmark tasks
Belli, F., & Fischer, M. H. (2024) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2025.2491319
“…physiological signals into neuropsychological research is of particular interest from an embodied cognition perspective (Fischer & Coello, 2015; Raab, 2020; Shapiro, 2019), a theoretical framework suggesting that all cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body’s interactions with the world.”
Reflective equilibrium, aesthetic appreciation, and aesthetic judgement
Smith, M. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-04928-5
“…other direction, it might be that reflective equilibrium as it is deployed in some other domains can and should be expanded in a parallel fashion, in line with the widespread recognition across many areas of philosophy and other disciplines of the importance of embodied cognition (Shapiro, 2019 ).”
Interaction Between Word Processing and Low‐Level Visual Representation in Autistic College Students
Luongo, N. A., & Arriaza, V. (2025) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.70002
“Studies in nonautistic individuals using the CFS paradigm to analyze MSI during linguistic processing have been interpreted as evidence favoring the embodied perspective of language (Shapiro, 2019; Zwaan, 2014).”
The Restoration of Aisthēsis in Philoctetes
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0008
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0001
Revenge, Trauma, and the Dynamics of Pain and Pleasure in Medea
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0007
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.002.0006
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0009
Reading Kinesis in Trojan Women
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0005
The Meaning of Suffering and the Oresteia’s Somatic Patterns
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0003
The Oresteia’s Embodied Ethics
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0002
The Disruption of Shared Affectivity in Ajax
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0006
Bodily Ways of Knowing in Persians
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.003.0004
Note on Text and Abbreviations
Angelopoulou, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197777091.002.0005
Ouyang, G. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70087
“Cognitive phenomena emerge from dynamic, interactive processes— whether between functional modules, top-down and bottom-up processes, or the brain and body (Shapiro 2019; Kelso 1995).”
Phenomenology, Affect, and Its Complex Relationship to the Body
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0011
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.002.0004
Thematic Dimensions of the Missed Conversation
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0009
Judgment, Neurological and Phenomenological
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0006
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0003
The Relevance of Freud’s Project (1895–1896) for Husserlian Phenomenology
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0002
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0004
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0012
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0010
Freud, Husserl in Light of Some Computational Cognitive Neuroscience
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0008
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0013
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.003.0005
Bergo, B. G. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197793619.001.0001
Making Dance Research Visible: A Project Proposal of Applying Sports Psychology to the Dance Field
Bartoš, J. (2025) · Divadelní revue. · doi:10.62851/36.2025.1.02
Empirical Evidence of Consciousness in Frontier AI SystemsPreprint
Vale, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5331919 · Cited by 1
From Knobs to Whole Body: Dance with Feedback
Erdem, Ç., & Schia, K. H. (2025) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97257-7_3
Conceptualizing and Lexicalizing Pillars of Statehood: National Mottos Across Borders and Cultures
Bratanova, B. (2025) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86158-1_1
Cochlear implantation, multilingualism, and multimodality
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0011 · Cited by 1
Language development in the first years of life
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0001
Hearing, hearing loss, and being deaf
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0002
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0006
Cochlear implants (CIs) for children with additional disabilities
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0013
Identity, deaf culture, and deaf community
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0012
Family-centered early intervention (FCEI)
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0014
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0007
Young, S. E., Grey, S., & Morett, L. M. (2024) · Gesture · doi:10.1075/gest.24037.you
Negoita, A. I., Kauser, S., Giannou, K., & Mantzios, M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6957121/v1
Shaer, O., Mitchell, Z., Calabro, M., Cooper, A., Sadun, R., Kun, A. L., & Mokryn, O. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5381161
Ciccarelli, S., Ferraro, F., Gutiérrez-Ruiz, K., et al. (2025) · Revista Lasallista de Investigación · doi:10.22507/rli.v22n1a3663
Desmarteaux, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5358183
Empirische Grundlagen der Kognitionswissenschaft
Blutner, R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71771-4_3
Kognitive Architekturen und theoretische Grundlagen der Kognitionswissenschaft
Blutner, R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71771-4_4
Enhancing Adolescent Attention through Specific Physical Education in the Digital Era
Fogliata, A., Gamberini, C., Mazzella, M., & Ambretti, A. (2025) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.70014
“The influential neurosci-entific theory of embodied cognition posits that mind and body are united and interconnected with the environment (Shapiro, 2010, 2019).”
Kant ismeretelméletének aktualitása a kortárs kognitív tudományban
Kékesi, B. (2024) · Magyar Filozófiai Szemle · doi:10.70510/mfsz.19753
“Ez utóbbit fogalmazza meg a PSZ védelmezői közt elterjedt „szlogen”: a kogníció cselekvés (Shapiro 2019.”
Efron, D., & Palatnik, A. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15091248
“According to Varela et al. (2017) and Shapiro (2019), cognition emerges from dynamic interactions between the body, environment, and perception, challenging traditional models that separate mind and body.”
Assessing AI Consciousness: A Substrate-Independent FrameworkPreprint
Vale, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5551300
Affordances of Physical Objects in Computing Instruction from an Embodied Cognition Perspective
Lewis, C. M., & Lindgren, R. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3769861
Esteve, T. V., Menescardi, C., & Salvador-García, C. (2025) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2025.2573028
“This group conducted the sessions through Flipped Classroom and gave critical relevance to the body expression block of contents as a mean to develop embodied cognition (Shapiro 2019).”
Kuş, M. (2025) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-025-10612-4
“…studied across disciplines, including cognitive science, psychology, philosophy, and mathematics education (e.g., Abrahamson et al., 2023; Alibali & Nathan, 2018; Barad, 2003; Lakoff & Johnson, 1999; Nemirovsky, 2024a; Radford et al., 2017; Shapiro, 2019; Sinclair, 2024; Wilson & Golokna, 2013).”
Embodied bayesian: A new philosophical exploration framework of action prediction in sports
Zhang, Z., & Liu, X. (2025) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-025-10108-0
Fan, X., & Ko, K. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1616329
“The firsthand accounts from the parents provide strong empirical validation for the theoretical frameworks mentioned: embodied connection (Shapiro, 2019), kinesthetic empathy (Fischman, 2009), and synchronized regulation (Feldman, 2007).”
TABIIY INTЕLLЕKT VA SHAXSIYAT MASALASI: PSIXOFIZIOLOGIK VA SINЕRGЕTIK TAHLIL
Mustafayev, J., & Mahmudov, J. (2025) · Tamaddun nuri. · doi:10.69691/ygrbc583
Literature Review of Embodied Cognition Theory in Language Units
孙, 玲. (2023) · Modern Linguistics · doi:10.12677/ml.2023.1111673
Bianchi, M. (2025) · Philosophical studies series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01328-6_4
Hejri, S. M., Pourfannan, H., Ma, R., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07448-5_35
Mental gravity as a translational framework for mental health promotion
Kent, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1650650
“Spatial orientation, force, and verticality are among the most evolutionarily entrenched dimensions of embodiment and environmental embedding (Shapiro, 2019).”
Hindustani Dhrupad Vocal Music Pedagogy: An Ethnographic Contribution to the Digital Turn
Paschalidou, S. (2025) · Contemporary Music Review · doi:10.1080/07494467.2025.2580747
“…of perspectives, all these approaches depart from the Cartesian distinction between mind and body in a number of different ways, and align with the general understanding that cognitive processes are distributed beyond the boundaries of the brain or the skull (Galla-gher, 2015; Shapiro 2019).”
Zunino, G. M. (2025) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0324.pub2
Bridging Climbing and Interactive Smart Spaces for Children
Bonelli, E., Secco, M., Gianotti, M., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3770646
Long-term effects of pediatric cochlear implantation
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0010
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.002.0005
Cochlear implantation, brain structure, and brain functioning
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0004
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0009
Speech perception, production, and processing
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0005
Witt, J. K., Parnes, J. E., & Tenhundfeld, N. L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13245442
Growing up with cochlear implants (CIs)
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0015
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0003
Knoors, H. E. T., & Dirks, E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198974550.003.0008
Otoikonografik yaklaşım üzerinden çağdaş sanatta beden, bellek ve onarımın estetik ifadesi
Kapar, S. (2025) · JOURNAL OF ARTS · doi:10.31566/arts.2953
Embracing embodiment: the value of infographics for diverse sports coaching students
Kaitell, E. (2025) · Sport, Education and Society · doi:10.1080/13573322.2025.2602589
Perception-Action Loop and New Classification of Mobility Devices for Visually Impaired People
Pissaloux, E. E., Velázquez, R., & Gay, S. L. (2026) · Signals and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91550-5_15
The Relevance of Hypnotizability to Spaceflights: The Space It Up Project
Zelič, Ž., Malloggi, E., & Santarcangelo, E. L. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2025.2583510
XU, Y., Kim, J., Choi, R., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6113954
Lin, V., Li, Y.-J., Lai, C.-J., Brown, B., & Chen, N.-S. (2026) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2026.2614392
Avatar-Based Re-embodiment for Language Learning
Zaydel, V. L. (2026) · Learning and analytics in intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09058-4_20
Öztürk, S. (2026) · Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.21550/sosbilder.1744064
The Emergence of Mindfulness, Flourishing, and Wellness in Higher Education
Son, N. D. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3877-4.ch001
How Geometric Features of Virtual Objects Reshape Distance Perception in Mixed Reality?Preprint
Yan, C., Li, T., Wu, A., & Wang, W. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6211217
Redefining the Distinction Between the Mind’s Ear and the Inner Voice
Hubbard, T. L. (2026) · Auditory Perception & Cognition · doi:10.1080/25742442.2026.2625168
Wei, X., & Dong, Y. (2026) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1177/2161783x251414847 · Cited by 1
How do gestural interactions support visuospatial cognition in STEM learning?
Xu, Z., Antonenko, P., Dawson, K., Koh, D. H., & Wusylko, C. (2026) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.70053
308309A concluding synthesis of the role of gesture in L2 acquisition and pedagogy
Morett, L. M., & Inceoglu, S. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111568645-015
Is There Meaning Without Anyone Meaning Anything? A Structuralist Proposal for Artificial SemanticsPreprint
Cianciaruso, F. M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6345666
Designing Tangible and Embodied Interaction for Montessori Elementary Mathematics Education
Abdelmaksoud, E., Kessem, A., & Cafaro, F. (2026) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3731459.3779337 · Cited by 1
“The theoretical foundation for this work is embodied cognition [48], a theory positing that our physical bodies and our interactions with the world are fundamental to our cognitive processes: our discoveries happen thanks to the interaction between our body and the surrounding environment [39].”
Evaluating TUI Design for Tacit Knowledge: Perceived Effects and Interface Efficiency in Woodworking
Hao, X., Yang, J., & Nitsche, M. (2026) · doi:10.1145/3731459.3779345
Weeranantanapan, O., Ngernsoungnern, A., Saowakon, N., et al. (2026) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.70210
Acoustic ecologies in ESP: rethinking professional language learning through soundscapes
Keshmirshekan, M. H. (2026) · Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education · doi:10.1186/s40862-025-00385-2
Ebbini, G. W. (2026) · Journal of Interior Design · doi:10.1177/10717641251401446
“…recent trends in design practice have started to move away from ocularcentrism, the impulse toward visual abstraction remains highly influential, reflecting a residual Cartesian dualism that privileges abstract cognition and visual analysis over more holistic embodied knowledge (Shapiro, 2019).”
Buttazzoni, A. N., van Rompay, T. J. L., & Minaker, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103008 · Cited by 1
Friedrich, J., & Fischer, M. H. (2026) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-026-09773-0 · Cited by 2
“In GC, this very same situation is called the symbol grounding problem ; it is argued that “Without grounding, a network of amodal concepts is nothing more than a collection of mean-ingless symbols” (Shapiro, 2019, p. 113; cf. Harnad, 1990 ; Glenberg & Robertson, 2000).”
Toward a unified vocabulary for embodiment research challenges and solutions
Wang, P., Li, J., Yu, Q., et al. (2026) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-026-00413-x
Metadata
- Authors
- Shapiro, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shapiro, Lawrence
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2019-05-07
- OpenAlex
- W4244539133
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 20.91
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
- Keywords
- embodied cognition, dynamical systems theory, ecological psychology, robotics, connectionism, mental representation, extended cognition, preference formation, emotions, philosophy of mind, Andy Clark, Alva Noë
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review