“Water rights, mining and indigenous groups in Chile's Atacama,”
Abstract
One of the most radical neoliberal reforms devised and implemented in Chile under the military regime led by General Augusto Pinochet (1973 to 1990) was the major revision of the Water Code in 1981. This legal and policy process was introduced in Chapter 2 of this book. Designed according to free market principles embraced by the ‘Chicago Boys’ – a group of Chilean economists who studied at the University of Chicago – the result was an extremely neoliberal water law, which introduced a system of private water rights that could be freely traded with almost no government regulation. In Chile, rights to use all surface and groundwater resources are defined as property rights, and the Water Code applies to all uses, including agriculture, drinking water supply, industry, mining and hydroelectric power. Furthermore, the Chilean Water Code has also become significant internationally for its application of neoliberal principles to water management to an unprecedented extent (e.g. Simpson and Ringskog, 1998). These principles corresponded to the free market reforms that were aggressively promoted by multilateral financial institutions (especially the World Bank) to governments of indebted low-and middleincome countries under structural adjustment programmes since the 1980s. In line with the influential 1992 Dublin Principles, water-sector reforms urged during the 1990s included privatization of urban water utilities and the use of water markets to increase the efficient usage of water resources (e.g. Budds and McGranahan, 2003).
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The application of the Water Code in the past has led to cases of water grabbing in favor of most productive uses and to the detriment of local populations, especially indigenous groups, and ecosystems.
“the application of the Water Code in the past has led to cases of water grabbing in favor of most productive uses and to the detriment of the local populations, especially indigenous groups, and ecosystems (Budds, 2009(Budds, , 2010(Budds, , 2020;;Yáñez and Molina, 2011;Prieto, 2015Prieto, , 2016;;Prieto et al., 2022).”
From Water or mineral resource? Legal interpretations and hydrosocial configurations of lithium mining in Chile (2023) · cites this paper as Budds, 2010
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Boelens, R., & Vos, J. (2012) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.06.013 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Bauer (1997, 2004), Dourojeanni and Jouravlev (1999) and Budds (2010) show how the Chilean privatization model in practice has worked towards monopolization of water rights in the hands of elites and a few powerful companies, instead of enabling a multitude of competitors to interact in an open…”
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Boelens, R., Hoogesteger, J., & Baud, M. (2013) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.07.005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“The main pillars of these water reform proposals in Latin America were (see Bauer, 1998; Boelens and Zwarteveen, 2005; Achterhuis et al., 2010; Budds, 2010): (a) privatization of water”
BackgroundMining and climate change: A review and framework for analysis
Odell, S. D., Bebbington, A., & Frey, K. E. (2018) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2017.12.004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Privatizing Water in the Chilean Andes: The Case of Las Vegas de Chiu-Chiu
Prieto, M. (2015) · Mountain Research and Development · doi:10.1659/mrd-journal-d-14-00033.1 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“This study complements previous reports on the implementation of the Water Code in this village (Molina 2012) and other Atacameño communities (Molina 2005; Budds 2010; Carrasco 2011; Yañez and Molina 2011).”
ResultBoelens, R., Hoogesteger, J., & de Francisco, J. C. R. (2014) · Capitalism Nature Socialism · doi:10.1080/10455752.2013.876867 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Prieto, M. (2016) · Revista de Estudios Sociales · doi:10.7440/res55.2016.06 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hidalgo, J. P., Boelens, R., & Vos, J. (2017) · Water History · doi:10.1007/s12685-016-0186-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Chile’s neoliberal ideology preaches that Indigenous groups must either fit into the market or count themselves out of the process of ‘globalizing progress’ (Boelens et al. 2009; Budds 2010).”
BackgroundSecuring the market: water security and the internal contradictions of Chile's Water Code
Budds, J. (2020) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.09.027 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationKalazich, F., Yager, K., Prieto, M., & Babidge, S. (2019) · Journal of Political Ecology · doi:10.2458/v26i1.23169 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The Chilean state has had weak regulatory power in terms of mitigating environmental and social impacts of extraction, and water extraction governance has been a well-identified problem in Chile for some time (Bauer 1998, 2004; Budds 2010; Carruthers 2001; Madaleno and Gurovich 2007; Prieto 2015, 2016).”
BackgroundExploring the Politics of Water Grabbing: The Case of Large Mining Operations in the Peruvian Andes
Sosa, M., & Zwarteveen, M. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bringing water markets down to Chile’s Atacama Desert
Prieto, M. (2015) · Water International · doi:10.1080/02508060.2015.1107400 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Following this work, several authors have offered descriptions of how privatization and markets have materialized through legal frameworks along with their distributive outcomes (e.g., Budds, 2010; Cuadra, 2000; Yañez & Molina, 2011).”
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Usón, T. J., Henríquez, C., & Dame, J. (2017) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.07.029 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Some studies also explored the implicit narratives of rationality and efficiency of water exploitation (Molina-Camacho, 2012; PalominoSchalscha et al., 2016), and assessed how the implementation of freemarket policies transformed local identities and traditions (Budds, 2010; Prieto, 2016).”
BackgroundCarrasco, A. (2016) · The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jlca.12175 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Flores Fernández, C., & Alba, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Water · doi:10.3389/frwa.2023.1075139 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…regime enshrined in the Water Code, making visible processes of dispossession and water appropriation in favor of productive activities (mainly agriculture and mining) in indigenous and nonindigenous territories (Budds, 2008, 2009, 2010; Prieto, 2015, 2016, 2022; Romero-Toledo and Jenkins, 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialBoelens, R. (2011) · Anuario de Estudios Americanos · doi:10.3989/aeamer.2011.v68.i2.554 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Piper, K. L. (2014) · University of Minnesota Press eBooks · doi:10.5749/minnesota/9780816695423.001.0001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Newborn, P., & Dalton, J. (2016) · IUCN eBooks · doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2016.16.en · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Budds, J. (2020) · Investigaciones Geográficas · doi:10.5354/0719-5370.2020.57717 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…principios neoliberales, sobre todo los derechos privados del agua y los mercados, en varias regiones y sectores, y desde la perspectiva de diferentes grupos sociales (Bauer, 1997, 1998; Budds, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009b, 2010, 2012; Hadjigeorgalis, 2008; Prieto, 2015, 2016; Romano & Leporati, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWeakness by design: neoliberal governance over mining and water in Chile
Gentes, I., & Policzer, P. (2022) · Territory Politics Governance · doi:10.1080/21622671.2022.2134196 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…through the Water Codex and the Mining Code, especially for projects declared of ‘ national (development) interest ’ (Barros, 2016; Bauer, 2015; Budds, 2010; Molina, 2012). de la Maza Cabrera (2020) notes that the Indigenous Law is ‘ a “ second level ” law compared to others of “ national…”
Visualizing competing claims on resources: Approaches from extractive industries research
Bebbington, A., Cuba, N., & Rogan, J. S. (2014) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…industries because they involve the physical extraction of a resource from the earth (Bebbington, 2012; Bebbington, Bornschlegl, & Johnson, 2013; Bebbington et al., 2008; Bridge, 2004, 2008; Budds, 2010; Bury, 2005; Emel & Huber, 2008; Haarstad, 2012; Hilson, 2009; Perreault, 2013; Valdivia, 2008).”
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Baud, M., Boelens, R., & Damonte, G. (2019) · Estudios Atacameños Arqueología y antropología surandinas · doi:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2019-0033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Icesi, U., Peña, I. H. V., & Chica, L. S. (2017) · Estudios Políticos (Medellín) · doi:10.17533/udea.espo.n52a09 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Gialis, S. E., & Mavroudeas, S. D. (2014) · Capitalism Nature Socialism · doi:10.1080/10455752.2013.877512 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“There are well-known cases in which the allocation of water by market mechanisms has negatively affected the water and food security of poor groups (Swyngedouw 1997; Zwarteveen and Meinzen-Dick 2001; Bakker 2003; Budds 2010; Bassett 2010).”
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Sosa, M. (2017) · doi:10.18174/421715 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Ethical Enigmas in Modern Water Policy: The Albertan Example
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GEOGRAFIA FÍSICA CRÍTICA, TOPOCLIMATOLOGIA ANDINA E O EXTRATIVISMO MINEIRO NO SALAR DE ATACAMA
Aravena, H. I. R., Paiva, J., & Opazo, D. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Climatologia · doi:10.5380/abclima.v0i0.64776
La concentración del acceso al agua en el Perú
Hendriks, J. (2018) · Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú eBooks · doi:10.18800/9786124320309.007
- Authors
- Budds, J.
- Corresponding author
- Jessica Budds
- ORCID
- Jessica Budds
- Venue
- Out of the Mainstream
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2010-02-26
- Pages
- 215-230
- OpenAlex
- W88270760
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 20.65
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Social Sciences › Law › Water Resources and Governance
- Keywords
- water rights, mining, indigenous peoples, Atacama Desert, water markets, privatization, structural adjustment, Pinochet dictatorship, water governance
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