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Economics of International Business: A New Research Agenda
Abstract
Economics of International Business sets out a new agenda for international business research. Mark Casson asserts that it is time to move the subject on from sterile debates about transaction cost economies and resource-based theories of the firm. Instead of focusing on the individual firm, the new agenda focuses on the global systems view of international business. A static view of the firm’s environment is replaced by a dynamic view which highlights the volatility of the international business environment. Coping with volatility requires entrepreneurial skills, flexibility and the need to synthesize information on a global basis. To co-ordinate the global system properly, entrepreneurs must co-operate through social networks of trust, as well as competing. Constructing a network of joint ventures, it is argued, is simply not enough.
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Adding the proposition that the benefits of internalising knowledge are particularly high when intellectual property rights are weak predicts that FDI will be most common in countries with weak IPR and licensing most common in countries with strong IPR, and this is mostly right.
“To develop the theory further, we can add ' the benefits of internalising knowledge are particularly high when intellectual property rights (IPR) are weak ' . This predicts that in knowledge-intensive industries foreign direct investment (FDI) will be most common in countries with weak IPR, and licensing most common in countries with strong IPR, and again this is (mostly) right (Casson, 2000).”
From The Internalization Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Past, Present and Future (2020) · cites this paper as Casson, 2000
Internationalization, or new entry into markets overseas, is an innovative act.
“Internationalization, or new entry into markets overseas, is an innovative act (Casson, 2000; Schumpeter, 1939; Simmonds and Smith, 1968), and born-global firms are particularly innovative in this regard.”
From Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm (2004) · cites this paper as Casson, 2000
Decision-making is a two-stage process: first deciding how much information to collect, then using it to decide.
“Decision-making thus becomes a two-stage process: in the first stage, the decision-maker decides how much information to collect, and in the second stage he uses the information he has collected to make the decision.”
From The theory and empirics of the structural reshaping of globalization (2020) · cites this paper as Casson, 2000
Rational action modeling answers how much information is worth collecting.
“Rational action modeling provides an answer to this question.”
From The theory and empirics of the structural reshaping of globalization (2020) · cites this paper as Casson, 2000
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm
Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2004) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400071 · Cited by 3,013
“Despite the scarce financial, human, and tangible resources that characterize most new businesses, these early internationalizing firms leverage innovativeness, knowledge, and capabilities to achieve considerable foreign market success early in their evolution.”
BackgroundInternationalisation: conceptualising an entrepreneurial process of behaviour in time
Jones, M. V., & Coviello, N. E. (2005) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400138 · Cited by 1,121
Verbeke, A. C., & Greidanus, N. S. (2009) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.44 · Cited by 262
“The option value arises from the costs that are saved from avoiding the collection of unnecessary information’’ (Casson, 2000: 135).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIndividual and Environmental Determinants of Entrepreneurship
Cuervo, Á. (2005) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-005-2591-7 · Cited by 190
Entrepreneurship in International Business: An Institutional Perspective
Yeung, H. W. (2002) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1023/a:1014887523110 · Cited by 162
Back to basics: Behavioral theory and internationalization
Surdu, I. M., Greve, H. R., & Benito, G. R. G. (2020) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-020-00388-w · Cited by 143
“Internalization theory proponents, however, address the problem of bounded rationality mainly through the ‘‘cost of information’’ logic (see Casson, 1999, 2000).”
BackgroundBusiness models in global competition
Tallman, S., Luo, Y., & Buckley, P. J. (2017) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1165 · Cited by 154
“This makes the approach closer to the resource based view’s rubric (e.g., Barney, 1991) than to internalisation theory, which takes a more ‘global system’ view (Buckley and Hashai, 2004; Casson, 2000, 2016).”
MethodThe overestimated role of strategic orientations for international performance in smaller firms
Frishammar, J., & Andersson, S. (2008) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-008-0031-9 · Cited by 147
The theory and empirics of the structural reshaping of globalization
Buckley, P. J. (2020) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-020-00355-5 · Cited by 135
“This allows the decision-maker to estimate both the costs and the benefits of collecting information, and therefore to arrive at a rational information strategy (Casson, 2000).”
BackgroundPreparation for Crisis Management: A Proposed Model and Empirical Evidence
Elsubbaugh, S., Fildes, R. A., & Rose, M. B. (2004) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/j.0966-0879.2004.00441.x · Cited by 129
The Internalization Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Past, Present and Future
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (2020) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12344 · Cited by 115
Self-citationInternalisation Theory and Outward Direct Investment by Emerging Market Multinationals
Buckley, P. J. (2017) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-017-0320-4 · Cited by 104
“This is the background for the global systems view of international business (Casson 2000; Buckley and Hashai 2004; Buckley 2016).”
BackgroundHistorical Research Approaches to the Analysis of Internationalisation
Buckley, P. J. (2016) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-016-0300-0 · Cited by 103
A global system view of firm boundaries
Buckley, P. J., & Hashai, N. (2003) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400059 · Cited by 94
“As noted by Casson (2000), few attempts have been employed to incorporate a global system view in the location configuration of firms (i.e. the location of various value-adding activities) and in their control configuration (i.e. the mode of control exerted for each value activity).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnpacking Regional Ethnicity and the Strength of Ties in Shaping Ethnic Entrepreneurship
Tsui‐Auch, L. S. (2005) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840605055343 · Cited by 89
“Unlike authors who advocate the inclusion of knowledge linkages (Casson 2000; Penrose 1995) in conceptualizing related diversification, I adopt a conventional definition that takes in only physical linkages as they can be easily identified and compared.”
BackgroundPark, H., Yoon, J., & Kim, K. (2013) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-013-1010-z · Cited by 65
Entrepreneurship and the development of global brands
Lopes, T. D. S., & Casson, M. (2008) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 65
Self-citationIs Competitive Advantage a Necessary Condition for the Emergence of the Multinational Enterprise?
Hashai, N., & Buckley, P. J. (2014) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-5805.2013.01069.x · Cited by 60
“The importance of taking this general equilibrium approach lies in the fact that, in the long run, entrepreneurs and workers that can increase their utility through alternative operation modes will do so (Buckley and Hashai, 2004; Casson, 2000:65).”
BackgroundThe Determinants of Internationalization: Evidence from the Wine Industry
Fernández‐Olmos, M. (2011) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr017 · Cited by 58
Internationalisation and technological innovation: Empirical evidence on their mutual relationship
Filipescu, D. A., Rialp, A., & Criado, J. R. (2009) · Advances in international marketing · doi:10.1108/s1474-7979(2009)0000020008 · Cited by 57
A silent revolution: The internationalisation of large Spanish family firms
Puig, N., & Pérez, P. F. (2009) · Business History · doi:10.1080/00076790902844088 · Cited by 57
“…the former are Caves, 1996; Dunning, 1988, 1993; Hennart, 1982; Houston & Dunning, 1976; Hymer, 1976; Kindleberger, 1969; Vernon, 1966, 1971; representative of the latter are Buckley, 2003; Buckley & Casson, 1976; Casson, 2000; Caves, 1971; Dunning & Narula, 1996; Jones, 1996, 2005; Narula, 1996).”
Drover, W., Wood, M. S., & Payne, G. T. (2013) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12012 · Cited by 55
Buckley, P. J., & Hashai, N. (2020) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1372 · Cited by 58
The product cycle revisited: Knowledge intensity and firm internationalization
Almor, T., Hashai, N., & Hirsch, S. (2006) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-006-0113-7 · Cited by 52
Knowledge flows and the modelling of the multinational enterprise
Adler, N., & Hashai, N. (2007) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400284 · Cited by 48
“The size of the problem is likely to make such evaluations difficult for an MNE manager to analyse without a mathematical framework providing a decision aid (Casson, 2000: Chapter 4).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use
Nielsen, S. (2011) · Lexikos · doi:10.5788/18-0-483 · Cited by 42
A family-owned publishing multinational: The Salvat company (1869–1988)
Moya, M. F. (2010) · Business History · doi:10.1080/00076791003721969 · Cited by 39
Ahmed, F. U., & Brennan, L. (2019) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-019-00250-7 · Cited by 33
Coase and International Business: The Origin and Development of Internalisation Theory
Casson, M. (2014) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.2706 · Cited by 32
“Knowledge flow is two-way, and product flow one way, as indicated by the arrows (Casson, 1995, 2000).”
Self-citationTechnological Knowledge Intensity and Entry Mode Diversity
Hashai, N., Asmussen, C. G., Benito, G. R. G., & Petersen, B. (2010) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-010-0059-7 · Cited by 29
Bishop, K., Filatotchev, I. V., & Mickiewicz, T. M. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.294433 · Cited by 29
Strategic Complexity in International Business
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230250468_10 · Cited by 25
Self-citationFirm Configuration and Internationalisation: A Model
Buckley, P. J., & Hashai, N. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230248328_4 · Cited by 24
“The deficiency of this methodology is that as the number of variables increases, we face a ‘combinatorial explosion’ since the number of permutations accelerates accordingly (Casson, 2000), chap.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFactors determining supply linkages between transnational corporations and local suppliers in ASEAN.
Giroud, A., & Mirza, H. R. (2006) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 21
How Theory Can Inform Strategic Management Education and Learning
Buckley, P. J. (2018) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2017.0076 · Cited by 19
Bucheli, M., & Salvaj, E. H. (2014) · Enterprise & Society · doi:10.1093/es/khu025 · Cited by 22
Brexit negotiations: From negotiation space to agreement zones
Ott, U. F., & Ghauri, P. N. (2018) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-018-0189-x · Cited by 18
Formalizing internationalization in the eclectic paradigm
Buckley, P. J., & Hashai, N. (2008) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400421 · Cited by 21
“A major benefit of our formalization of the eclectic paradigm is that it paves the way for testing the paradigm empirically, a need identified by many scholars (e.g., Casson, 2000).”
Problematizing the internationalization decision: terrorism‐induced risk
Liesch, P. W., Steen, J. T., Knight, G., & Czinkota, M. R. (2006) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/00251740610673350 · Cited by 18
The economic theory of the firm as a foundation for international business theory
Casson, M. (2014) · Multinational Business Review · doi:10.1108/mbr-06-2014-0024 · Cited by 16
Self-citationCreating Knowledge Networks: Spanish Multinational Publishers in Mexico
Moya, M. F. (2012) · The Business History Review · doi:10.1017/s0007680512000049 · Cited by 15
Multinationals and the Dutch Business System: The Cases of Royal Dutch Shell and Sara Lee
Sluyterman, K. E., & Wubs, B. (2010) · The Business History Review · doi:10.1017/s0007680500002038 · Cited by 13
The Growth and Survival of Multinationals in the Global Alcoholic Beverages Industry
Lopes, T. D. S. (2003) · Enterprise & Society · doi:10.1017/s146722270001291x · Cited by 12
The Eclectic Paradigm: A New Deal?
Pedersen, K. (2003) · Journal of International Business and Economy · doi:10.51240/jibe.2003.1.2 · Cited by 12
Moschieri, C., & Moya, M. F. (2022) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-021-00489-0 · Cited by 11
“…on emigrants and their networks (Kunczer et al., 2019; Massey, Arango, Hugo, Kouaouci, Pellegrino, & Taylor, 1993) and specifically on qualified, university-educated migrants (Cerdin et al., 2014), and on their effects on firms’ internationalization (Casson, 1997, 2000; Casson & Cox, 1993).”
BackgroundWhat factors cause foreign banks to stay in London?
Clare, A., Gulamhussen, M. A., & Pinheiro, C. M. (2012) · Journal of International Money and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2012.06.007 · Cited by 11
“The main intangibles include costs sunk in hiring and training staff, establishing contacts, putting procedures and routines in place and acquiring reputation (Casson, 2000).”
BackgroundPredicting the Diversity of Foreign Entry ModesPreprint
Hashai, N., Asmussen, C. G., Benito, G. R. G., & Preuss, B. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.969036 · Cited by 11
An internalization theory perspective on the Bottom of the Pyramid
Hillemann, J., & Verbeke, A. C. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-8862(2013)0000008009 · Cited by 10
Internalization choices under competition: A game theoretic approach
Hashai, N., & Adler, N. (2019) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1333 · Cited by 9
“…approach garners a better understanding of how profit maximizing internalization choices of MNEs taken within an equilibrated system (Coase, 1937; Casson, 2000) differ from traditional internalization choices of a single MNE (Buckley and Casson, 1976, 1998; Martin and Salomon, 2003; Mudambi,…”
BackgroundHeterogeneous beliefs and optimal ownership in entrepreneurial financing decisions
Tavares-Gärtner, M., Pereira, P. J., & Brandão, E. F. M. (2018) · Quantitative Finance · doi:10.1080/14697688.2018.1432882 · Cited by 9
“Following Trigeorgis (1996) and Casson (2000) who addressed the importance of asymmetries in joint ventures and its dynamics in a real options context, we fill this gap by taking a real options perspective on entrepreneurial financing decisions in a setting where entrepreneurs and venture…”
BackgroundInfluentialIntroduction: Changing Business Systems in the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century
Sluyterman, K. E. (2010) · The Business History Review · doi:10.1017/s0007680500002002 · Cited by 8
Entrepreneurship and the Development of Global Brands
Lopes, T. D. S., & Casson, M. (2007) · The Business History Review · doi:10.2307/25097419 · Cited by 8
Self-citationFernández-de-Pinedo, N., Balaguer, R. C., & Pretel, D. (2019) · Business History · doi:10.1080/00076791.2018.1551365 · Cited by 9
Adler, N., & Hashai, N. (2015) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1102 · Cited by 15
“The need to simultaneously reach decisions over pricing, production, and multiple locations is extremely complex (McCann and Mudambi, 2005), therefore a decision aid of the type developed here may enhance a manager’s ability to search for a reasonable solution (Casson, 2000).”
BackgroundBridging voids: constraints on Hispanic entrepreneurs building social capital
Clarke, R., & Chandra, R. (2011) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business · doi:10.1504/ijesb.2011.042725 · Cited by 5
Sánchez‐Matamoros, J. B., & Roca, F. J. F. (2017) · Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History · doi:10.1017/s0212610917000118 · Cited by 4
“A second model is found in the eclectic paradigm (Dunning 1993, 1997, 1998; Casson 1997, 2000), which combines basic transaction cost analysis with the incorporation of institutional elements, and has also been updated to include strategic alliances and network relationships as elements favouring…”
MethodMultinational Enterprises in Africa - A Study of German Firms in South Africa
Gilroy, B. M., Gries, T., Naudé, W. A., et al. (2001) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 4
Purkayastha, A., & Filatotchev, I. V. (2023) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-023-00516-2 · Cited by 4
“Integrating internalization and internationalization process view of the firm, (Casson, 2000; Gulamhussen, 2009) show how sequential expansion emerges as a special case of internalization.”
Decision Premises, Institutions and Organisation
Loasby, B. J. (2002) · Économie et Institutions · doi:10.4000/ei.711 · Cited by 3
“…distinctive way of organising information as a basis for distinctive rational decisions, which has been a continuing feature of his work (Casson 1997, 2000), is also an emphasis on the importance of the scope of each business and the accumulation of experience, and therefore…”
BackgroundA Systems View of Corporate Diversification
Lopes, T. D. S. (2015) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2015.1006039 · Cited by 3
Reprint: Innovation, Organizational Capabilities, and the Born-global Firm
Knight, G., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2024) · JIBS special collections · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17366-0_2 · Cited by 3
The Theory of Multinational Enterprises: Revisiting Eclectic Paradigm and Uppsala Model
Chowdhury, A. K. (2015) · Business and Management Horizons · doi:10.5296/bmh.v3i1.7897 · Cited by 2
Bounded Reality: A New Behavioral Foundation for MNE Governance
Verbeke, A. C., & Greidanus, N. S. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137467690_3 · Cited by 2
Gulamhussen, M. A. (2012) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.21512 · Cited by 1
MAJOR TRENDS OF BIG INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES DEVELOPMENT IN A CHANGING WORLD
Konina, N. Y. (2016) · MGIMO Review of International Relations · doi:10.24833/2071-8160-2016-1-46-143-153 · Cited by 1
Impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on firms’ degree of internationalization
Siddiqui, S. H., Zafarullah, M., Latif, M. I., et al. (2014) · South Asian Journal of Global Business Research · doi:10.1108/sajgbr-03-2013-0015
The Changing View of Multinational Enterprises and Africa
Gilroy, B. M. (2005) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-7908-1610-8_6
Barreiros Diesel and the Chrysler Corporation, 1963-1969: a troubled Americanisation
Ruiz, J. L. G. (2002) · Publications de l’Institut de recherches historiques du Septentrion eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.irhis.1985
The emergence of born global firms : a least-developed country perspective
Ahmed, F. U. (2016) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
Opportunism in Corporate Management
Rudolf, S. (2019) · Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia oeconomica · doi:10.18778/0208-6018.345.04
Sociocultural impacts on the innovativeness of tourism entrepreneurs in Hong Kong
Wong, H.-K. (2020) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00364
Strategic Complexity in International Business
Casson, M. (2004) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230508644_3
Self-citationThe Digital Economy and International Business, an Historical Perspective
Fornés, G., & Altamira, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33111-4_2
Cross‐investments by multinationals: A new perspective
Casson, M. C., & Wadeson, N. (2023) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1499 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDisentangling Trust and Opportunism in B2B Data SharingPreprint
Tietz, M. A., Gilgen, N. O., & Meek, S. R. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6502450
Mollanger, T. (2018) · doi:10.70675/b96ec850zc2e4z487dzaa13z4f8a7f96ec69
Metadata
- Authors
- Casson, M.
- Corresponding author
- Casson, Mark
- ORCID
- Casson, Mark
- Venue
- Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks
- Publisher
- Edward Elgar Publishing
- Published
- 2000-08-25
- OpenAlex
- W2280693412
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.58
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Globalization, Economics, and Policies
- Keywords
- international business research agenda, entrepreneurial skills, joint ventures, transaction cost economics, resource-based view, firm flexibility
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