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A Pragmatic View of Thematic Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Ethnographic interviews have become a commonly used qualitat ive methodology for collecting data (Aronson, 1992). Once the information is gathered, res earchers are faced with the decision on how to analyze the data. There are many ways to anal yze informants' talk about their experiences (Mahrer, 1988; Spradley, 1979; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984), a nd thematic analysis is one such way. Although thematic analysis has been described (Benner, 1985; Leininger, 1985; Taylor & Board, 1984), there is insufficient literature that outlines the pragmatic process of thematic analysis. This article attempts to outline the procedure for perform ing a thematic analysis.
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Cites
Qualitative Analysis as a Public Event: The Documentation of Category Development Procedures
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“Constas (1992) reiterates this point and states that the "interpretative approach should be considered as a distinct point of origination" (p. 258).”
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“There are many ways to analyze informants' talk about their experiences (Mahrer, 1988; Spradley, 1979; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984), and thematic analysis is one such way.”
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“Although thematic analysis has been described (Benner, 1985; Leininger, 1985; Taylor & Board, 1984), there is insufficient literature that outlines the pragmatic process of thematic analysis.”
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William, J. L. (1992) · Family Systems Medicine · doi:10.1037/h0089217 · Cited by 8 · cited 2×
“Performing a Thematic Analysis The ethnographic interview is a commonly used interviewing process employed by researchclinicians (Kuehl & Newfield, 1991; Kuehl, Newfield & Joanning, 1990; Newfield, Joanning, Kuehl, & Quinn, 1990; Newfield, Kuehl, Joanning & Quinn, 1991; William, 1992).”
Method
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Stickler, U., & Emke, M. (2011) · Language Learning & Technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44241 · Cited by 46
“…maturity, and the analysis of the data produced clusters of comments in the following six categories: and analysed them using a thematic analysis approach (Aronson, 1994; Boyatzis, 1998) to focus on salient data and to generate a " thick description " (Geertz, 1973) of participant learning.”
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Knight, L., Schatz, E., & Mukumbang, F. C. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0863-4 · Cited by 45
“Adopting a thematic content analysis approach [37], we”
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Teachers’ Understanding and Practice of Mandatory Reporting of Child Maltreatment
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“A qualitative design utilising the method of deductive thematic analysis informed by Aronson (1995) and Braun and Clarke (2006) was determined as the most appropriate method as it facilitates identification of themes and patterns of the participants’ reports of their behaviour.”
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Ryan, P., Howell, V., Jones, J., & Hardy, E. (2008) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216307087145 · Cited by 38
Supporting Chinese speaking skills online
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Digital ambidexterity in the public sector: empirical evidence of a bias in balancing practices
Magnusson, J., Päivärinta, T., & Koutsikouri, D. (2020) · Transforming Government People Process and Policy · doi:10.1108/tg-02-2020-0028 · Cited by 53
Oni, H. T., Buultjens, M., Blandthorn, J., Davis, D. L., Abdellatif, M., & Islam, M. M. (2019) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2019.102595 · Cited by 51
Development of a frontline H&S leadership maturity model in the construction industry
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Mental health nurses' perceptions of good work in an acute setting.
Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., O'Hara-Aarons, M., Jackson, D., & Hunt, G. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00810.x · Cited by 43
The Role of Recontextualization in the Multivocal, Ambiguous Process of Strategizing
Aggerholm, H., Asmuß, B., & Thomsen, C. (2012) · doi:10.1177/1056492611430852 · Cited by 43
“Thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994; Boyatzis, 1998) was applied for the purpose of identifying specific themes running throughout the process of strategy making.”
MethodBreaking the silence: School counsellors’ experiences of client suicide
Christianson, C., & Everall, R. D. (2009) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880902728580 · Cited by 43
Metaphors in Voice User Interfaces: A Slippery Fish
Desai, S., & Twidale, M. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3609326 · Cited by 42
“…(e.g., [ 59 ]) and is recommended when the researcher wants to: (1) contribute to the subject knowledge with the help of novel practical or theoretical interpretations [ 42 ], (2) confirm and challenge existing findings in the literature [ 152 ], and (3) provide merit to the interpretation [ 75 ].”
Stahl, B. C., & Leach, T. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00201-4 · Cited by 22
“Given the mixed methods employed in this survey, for questions where an extended, open-ended text-based answer was required, we have adopted the standard qualitative research practice of providing illustrative examples of the responses to the questions in this section [14, 56, 74, 76].”
MethodSocial contact patterns of international students and their impact on academic adaptation
Pho, H., & Schartner, A. (2019) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1707214 · Cited by 42
“This resulted in a set of emerging themes, defined as units of patterns that could describe the observation and when put together, can present a holistic image of the experience (Aronson 1995; Hirsch and Lazar 2014).”
BackgroundWatts your usage? A field study of householders’ literacy for residential electricity data
Herrmann, M. R., Brumby, D., & Oreszczyn, T. (2018) · Energy Efficiency · doi:10.1007/s12053-017-9555-y · Cited by 42
“The transcripts were then imported into the qualitative data analysis software Nvivo and analyzed thematically (Aronson 1994; Braun and Clarke 2006).”
MethodYounas, M., Bradley, E., Holmes, N., Sud, D., & Maidment, I. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0352-z · Cited by 42
“were audio recorded and a verbatim account produced from these recordings [40].”
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Collins, L., & Collins, D. J. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1105379 · Cited by 42
“Video texts were reviewed by the first author using the procedures suggested by Aronson (1994), Braun and Clarke (2006), and Fereday and Muir-Cochrane (2006). Initially, the videotexts were read and corrected while listening to the”
MethodCollins, L., & Collins, D. (2016) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2016.1162182 · Cited by 42
“The videotexts were read several times and reviewed in line with procedures suggested by Aronson (1994), Braun and Clarke (2006) and Fereday and Muir-Cochrane (2006). Firstly, the videotexts were read and corrected while listening to the original digital recording in order to be able to imagine the voice of the partic…”
MethodExploring the potential of virtual worlds in engaging older people and supporting healthy aging
Siriaraya, P., Ang, C. S., & Bobrowicz, A. (2012) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2012.691552 · Cited by 46
“Thematic analysis (Aronson 1994 ) was used in the iterative analysis of the data.”
MethodRecent graduate nurse views of nursing, work and leadership.
Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., Jackson, D., Muthulakshmi, P., & Hunt, G. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12230 · Cited by 42
Walking the fine line: Self-reported reasons for substance use in persons with severe mental illness
Pettersen, H., Ruud, T., Ravndal, E., & Landheim, A. (2013) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health & Well-Being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v8i0.21968 · Cited by 42
“Their feedback formed the basis of the subsequent theme development in the second interview and served as a means of internal validation (Aronson, 1994).”
Providers' perceptions of Aboriginal palliative care in British Columbia's rural interior.
Castleden, H., Crooks, V. A., Hanlon, N., & Schuurman, N. (2010) · Health and Social Care in the community · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00922.x · Cited by 42
Revictimizing the Victim? How Rape Victims Experience the UK Legal System
Wheatcroft, J., Wagstaff, G., & Moran, A. (2009) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564880903048529 · Cited by 42
Bembridge, E., Levett-Jones, T., & Jeong, S. Y.-S. (2011) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.10.020 · Cited by 41
“Thematic analysis was used as it provides a flexible and useful research tool, which can potentially provide a rich and detailed account of data (Aronson, 1994).”
MethodSanders, K. B. (2020) · Church Communication and Culture · doi:10.1080/23753234.2020.1824582 · Cited by 41
“Its strengths and weaknesses have been widely discussed (see Aronson 1995; Braun and Clarke 2006) and there is general agreement that it is a useful and flexible method for qualitative analysis of diverse data.”
MethodEconomic empowerment of Iranian women through the internet
Golzard, V. (2019) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-11-2017-0145 · Cited by 41
Heim, A. B., & Holt, E. A. (2019) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.18-09-0193 · Cited by 50
“Interviews were transcribed from audio recordings and inductively coded into naturally emerging themes (Bogdan and Taylor, 1989; Aronson, 1994) using NVivo 12 software (QSR International, 2018).”
MethodExperts reviews of a cloud forensic readiness framework for organizations
Alenezi, A., Atlam, H. F., & Wills, G. (2019) · Journal of Cloud Computing · doi:10.1186/s13677-019-0133-z · Cited by 41
“Thematic analysis is a technique that makes it possible to collate and summarize a corpus in a particular way, which, in turn, aids researchers in locating vital elements that will allow them to produce effective research questions [36, 37].”
BackgroundTeff-Seker, Y., & Orenstein, D. (2019) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.28 · Cited by 41
“from interviews); (b) generating and assigning short de‐ scriptions or ‘codes’ to different sections in the text in order to or‐ ganize the information; (c) searching for reoccurring themes among the codes, and; (d) explaining the way in which these codes appear in themes or patterns (Aronson, 1994; Braun & Clarke, 20…”
BackgroundMethodChildren with Intellectual Disabilities and Special School Education in Ghana
Kassah, B. L. L., Kassah, A. K., & Phillips, D. (2017) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2017.1374358 · Cited by 54
Exploring changes to cycle infrastructure to improve the experience of cycling for families
Clayton, W., & Musselwhite, C. (2013) · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.09.003 · Cited by 41
“Elements of similarity and difference were then transformed into a narrative (Aronson, 1994) to form the basis of the findings.”
MethodDennis, L., Brealey, S., Rangan, A., Rookmoneea, M., & Watson, J. (2010) · doi:10.1111/j.1758-5740.2010.00073.x · Cited by 41
Anaf, S., & Sheppard, L. A. (2010) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2009.11.006 · Cited by 34
Hindley, C., & Thomson, A. (2005) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2005.00355.x · Cited by 41
Salmon, G., & Rapport, F. (2005) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820500217307 · Cited by 41
“Similar brief guides to thematic analysis are offered by Aronson (1994) and Gantley (1999).”
MethodChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Engagement in Occupation
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“Thematic analysis can be applied to these “conversations” to identify “themes and patterns of living and behavior” (Aronson, 1994, ¶ 3).”
Participatory Design Going Digital: Challenges and Opportunities for Distributed Place-Making
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“The two facilitators independently analysed the data with an open coding procedure (Aronson 1995; Graneheim and Lundman 2004), focusing on the research question: How can distributed participatory design activities and materials be designed to build trust and engage teenagers in place-making…”
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The use and abuse of safety indicators in construction
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“Apart from articles outlining pragmatic processes of thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994) or demonstrating the rigour of the method through combining inductive and deductive approach (Fereday, and Muir-Cochrane, 2006), there appeared to be a gap in the literature examining the use of the method itself.”
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“A thematic analysis approach informed by Aronson (1994), Breakwell et al. (2000) and Braun and Clarke (2006), was applied to text from a female pro-paedophilia website.”
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Navigating Thematic Analysis: Practical Strategies Grounded in Abductive Reasoning
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“emerged together from both interviews and document search were crossed referenced and aggregated together to form a comprehensive picture of the collective experience of participants (Aronson, 1994; Decrop, 2004).”
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Blanchet-Cohen, N., Denov, M., Fraser, S., & Bilotta, N. (2017) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.016 · Cited by 39
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“We used a thematic analysis [50] to summarize respondents’ major thoughts and concerns about post-mortem needle biopsies, including acceptable motivations for conducting the procedure, issues of trust, religious and social concerns, emotional concerns, and the consent and the decision making process.”
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Bell, K., Lee, J., & Ristovski-Slijepcevic, S. (2009) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0b013e3181982d36 · Cited by 39
“All coded material dealing with food, diet, and eating was then extracted and subjected to thematic analysis.(50) Each member of the research team separately read the coded material and classified it into key themes to triangulate the findings and increase the validity of the analysis.”
Method“I Fell Off [the Mothering] Track”: Barriers to “Effective Mothering” Among Prostituted Women
Dalla, R. L. (2004) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00009.x · Cited by 39
“Thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984) was used for analyzing all text-based data.”
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“For the purposes of this thematic review, whereby incidents are analyzed which present common characteristics or themes [12], the authors categorized all incidents occurring in Wales between 1st January 2009 and 31st May 2011, and reported to the NRLS by September 2011.”
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“The final step of this analysis was to explain the relationships between themes and sub-themes (Aronson 1995), which was achieved throughout the findings section.”
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Lavergne, M. R., Goldsmith, L. J., Grudniewicz, A., Rudoler, D., Marshall, E. G., Ahuja, M. A., Blackie, D., Burge, F., Gibson, R. J., Glazier, R. H., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030477 · Cited by 39
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Low satisfaction with sex life among people with severe mental illness living in a community.
Ostman, M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.009 · Cited by 38
“interview guided the conversation (Aronson, 1994).”
My secret: The social meaning of HIV/AIDS stigma
Judgeo, N., & Moalusi, K. P. (2014) · SAHARA-J · doi:10.1080/17290376.2014.932302 · Cited by 38
“Themes bring together components or fragments of ideas or experiences, which are meaningless when viewed alone (Aronson 1994).”
BackgroundMethodRiddell, M. (2013) · Conservation and Society · doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121002 · Cited by 38
“After the research period these results were then coded and analysed using thematic analysis (Aronson 1994).”
MethodDalla, R. L., Marchetti, A. M., Sechrest, E. B. A., & White, J. L. (2010) · Violence against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801210374866 · Cited by 38
“Interview data were transcribed verbatim by trained research assistants (RAs) and analyzed using Thematic Analysis (Aronson, 1994).”
MethodLorimer, K., Reid, M., & Hart, G. (2008) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2008.031138 · Cited by 38
Severe depression and relationships: the effect of mental illness on sexuality
Östman, M. (2008) · doi:10.1080/14681990802419266 · Cited by 38
“The author, who is trained in qualitative research, analysed the data using thematic analysis, which flows from the words of the interviewee (Aronsson, 1994; Lincoln & Guba, 1985).”
MethodShinde, S., Andrew, G., Bangash, O., Cohen, A., Kirkwood, B., & Patel, V. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.002 · Cited by 37
“In addition, yoga was offered as an adjunctive intervention in those clinics where space was available.”
Panda, N., Sinyard, R. D., Henrich, N. J., Cauley, C. E., Hannenberg, A. A., Sonnay, Y., Bitton, A., Brindle, M. E., & Molina, G. (2021) · Journal of Patient Safety · doi:10.1097/pts.0000000000000847 · Cited by 54
Pérez-Marco, A., Soares, P., Davó-Blanes, M. C., & Vives‐Cases, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072443 · Cited by 43
“We decided to use thematic analysis due to the inductive nature of the technique and in order to establish and understand underlying attitudes and perceptions that can differ by culture [24].”
MethodPaide, K., Pappel, I., Vainsalu, H., & Draheim, D. (2018) · International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance · doi:10.1145/3209415.3209441 · Cited by 37
Men's use of positive strategies for preventing and managing depression: A qualitative investigation
Fogarty, A. S., Proudfoot, J. G., Whittle, E. L., Player, M. J., Christensen, H. M., Hadži-Pavlović, D., & Wilhelm, K. A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.070 · Cited by 35
“Thematic analysis was chosen to interrogate the data, owing to its flexibility (Aronson, 1995), rigour (Fereday and Muir-Cochrane, 2006) and common use in psychology research (Healey et al.”
MethodPenn, C., Watermeyer, J., Macdonald, C., & Moabelo, C. (2010) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-009-9252-x · Cited by 37
“TCA is a technique which focuses on themes and patterns which can be identified in data and then combined to generate a comprehensive picture of the informants’ collective experience (Aronson 1994; Grbich 1999).”
MethodInside the fitness for work consultation: a qualitative study.
Cohen, D., Aylward, M., & Rollnick, S. (2009) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqp031 · Cited by 37
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2779-6_103-1 · Cited by 534
Hawthorne, K., Prout, H., Kinnersley, P., & Houston, H. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.07.056 · Cited by 37
“Thematic analysis was used to scrutinise the data from focus groups [32].”
MethodCognitive engagement with AI ‐enabled technologies and value creation in healthcare
Kumar, P. S., Vrontis, D., & Pallonetto, F. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2196 · Cited by 33
Howard, N. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103397 · Cited by 36
Examining mechanisms for creating shared value by Asian firms
Khurshid, H., & Snell, R. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.030 · Cited by 36
Andrade, R., Baker, S., Waycott, J., & Vetere, F. (2018) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3292147.3292163 · Cited by 33
Reasons for Stopping Exclusive Breastfeeding Between Three and Six Months: A Qualitative Study
Alianmoghaddam, N., Phibbs, S., & Benn, C. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2018.01.007 · Cited by 41
“Interview material was analysed using Aronson's four-stage thematic analysis methods (Aronson, 1995).”
MethodSafety Management Systems as communication in an oil and gas producing company
Wold, T., & Laumann, K. (2015) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2014.08.004 · Cited by 36
Clyne, B., Bradley, M., Smith, S. M., Hughes, C., Motterlini, N., Clear, D., McDonnell, R., Williams, D. J., & Fahey, T. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-72 · Cited by 35
Whitley, H. P. (2012) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7610203 · Cited by 37
‘I can’t get my husband to go and have a colonoscopy’: Gender and screening for colorectal cancer
Thompson, L., Reeder, T., & Abel, G. (2012) · Health · doi:10.1177/1363459311403948 · Cited by 35
Using global health initiatives to strengthen health systems: A civil society perspective
Cohn, J., Russell, A., Baker, B. K., Kayongo, A., Wanjiku, E., & Davis, P. (2011) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2010.521165 · Cited by 35
Hawker food industry: food safety/public health strategies in Malaysia
Pang, F., & Toh, P. (2008) · doi:10.1108/00346650810848007 · Cited by 35
“Qualitative data from the interviews were explored using thematic analysis ( Aronson, 1994”
MethodHindley, C., Hinsliff, S., & Thomson, A. (2006) · Journal of midwifery & women's health · doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2006.02.008 · Cited by 35
A GUIDE FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
Toker, A. (2022) · Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute · doi:10.30794/pausbed.1112493 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Aronson, J.
- Affiliations
- Nova Southeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aronson, Jodi
- Venue
- The Qualitative Report
- Publisher
- Nova Southeastern University
- Published
- 1995-04-01
- ISSN
- 1052-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-3715
- OpenAlex
- W1557001362
- Cited by
- 1,758
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 120 · 2012: 122
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Qualitative Report (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Keywords
- thematic analysis, ethnographic interviews, qualitative data analysis, interview analysis, coding procedures
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