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A Pragmatic View of Thematic Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Ethnographic interviews have become a commonly used qualitat ive methodology for collecting data (Aronson, 1992). Once the information is gathered, res earchers are faced with the decision on how to analyze the data. There are many ways to anal yze informants' talk about their experiences (Mahrer, 1988; Spradley, 1979; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984), a nd thematic analysis is one such way. Although thematic analysis has been described (Benner, 1985; Leininger, 1985; Taylor & Board, 1984), there is insufficient literature that outlines the pragmatic process of thematic analysis. This article attempts to outline the procedure for perform ing a thematic analysis.
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Cites
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Method
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Martins, N., & Coetzee, M. (2009) · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v7i1.177 · Cited by 34
“Aronson (1994) describes thematic content analysis as a search for significant themes in the description of the phenomenon.”
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Choo, C. W., & Johnston, R. (2004) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/13673270410567648 · Cited by 38
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“In thematic analysis, themes that emerge from data sources are pieced together to form a compressive picture of their collective experience (Aronson, 1994).”
BackgroundSchatz, E. J., Seeley, J., Negin, J., Weiss, H. A., Tumwekwase, G., Kabunga, E., Nalubega, P., & Mugisha, J. O. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6463-4 · Cited by 43
“Adopting the thematic content analysis approach [27], we inductively developed themes and analyzed patterns emerging from the data.”
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Tiab, J., & Hornbæk, K. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858350 · Cited by 33
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“Quantitative analysis was used to address the first three aims, while thematic qualitative analysis [32] was used to address the fourth.”
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“Thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994) was used by the research team to analyze the 30 interviews.”
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“Interview transcripts and notes were analysed using a pragmatic thematic approach [44].”
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Stone, S., Crooks, V. A., & Owen, M. (2013) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/sth.2013.1 · Cited by 33
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Neville, H., Yeung, J. G., Todd, N. R., Spanierman, L., & Reed, T. D. (2011) · doi:10.1037/a0024334 · Cited by 33
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Jones, R. A., Wenzel, J., Hinton, I. D., Cary, M. P., Jones, N., Krumm, S., & Ford, J. (2011) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0967-x · Cited by 33
“Data from the focus group interviews were analyzed using a thematic analysis method [26, 27] that was guided by the semi-structured interview guide.”
MethodMasikunas, G., Panayiotidis, A., & Burke, L. (2007) · Research in Learning Technology · doi:10.3402/rlt.v15i1.10903 · Cited by 33
“The questionnaires and focus groups were analysed using thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994).”
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“This rigorous approach involves categorizing interview data according to themes (units that are identified from patterns within the dataset) which are then refined when compared to the literature, to the themes present in different interviews, and to the overall study purpose and objectives [37].”
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“We therefore made use of thematic analysis, a widely-used approach to analysing qualitative data (Aronson, 1995; Braun & Clarke, 2006; Miles & Huberman, 1994).”
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An Exploratory Study of the Impacts of Gambling on Affected Others Accessing a Social Service
Landon, J., Grayson, E., & Roberts, A. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9785-4 · Cited by 32
“The data were analysed using a thematic analysis (Aronson 1994).”
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Sandhu, S., Priebe, S., Leavey, G., Harrison, I., Krotofil, J., McPherson, P., Dowling, S., Arbuthnott, M., Curtis, S. E., King, M., et al. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2411-0 · Cited by 29
“Coding was iterative to ensure that important points in the transcripts were recognised and encoded to describe and organise observations prior to interpretation [27, 28].”
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D’Souza, A., Wortmann, J. C., Huitema, G., & Velthuijsen, H. (2015) · Journal of Business Models · doi:10.5278/ojs.jbm.v3i2.1216 · Cited by 36
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“As part of the review, the interview data was transcribed and interpreted following the thematic analysis process (Aronson, 1994).”
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Denes, A. (2011) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2011.05.002 · Cited by 32
“The present analysis offers a case study of The Mystery Method (Mystery, 2007), guided by the research questions “How is science used (and abused) to understand women's sexuality?” and “How is consent assessed in work on seduction?” In line with Aronson's (1994) work on thematic analysis, I first generated themes.”
MethodRuane, J., & Hayter, M. (2008) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.06.003 · Cited by 37
Dalla, R. L. (2003) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0704_1 · Cited by 32
“Thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984) was used for analyzing all text-based data.”
BackgroundMethodFactors influencing farmer and resident willingness to adopt an agri-environmental scheme in Israel.
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Being (In)Visible: Privacy, Transparency, and Disclosure in the Self-Management of Bipolar Disorder
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“We conducted an inductive thematic analysis [6] of the transparency experience discourse segments.”
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Erkoyuncu, J., Roy, R., Shehab, E., Durugbo, C., Khan, S., & Datta, P. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.182 · Cited by 31
Collins, L., & Collins, D. (2017) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2016.1227717 · Cited by 31
“The video-texts were read and re-read several times and reviewed in line with procedures suggested by Aronson (1994), Braun and Clarke (2006) and Fereday and Muir-Cochrane (2006). Firstly, video-texts were read and corrected while listening to the original digital recording in order to imagine the voice of the partici…”
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Changing Times in Rural America: Food Assistance and Food Insecurity in Food Deserts
Whitley, S. N. (2013) · doi:10.1080/10522158.2012.736080 · Cited by 31
Systematic Data Integration—A Method for Combined Analyses of Field Notes and Interview Texts
Strøm, A., & Fagermoen, M. S. (2012) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940691201100502 · Cited by 31
“The abundant literature on methodology made us familiar with analytical techniques, such as alternating between open reading and theme-focused reading (Album, 1996; Aronson, 1994; Coffey & Atkinson, 1996; Fangen, 2004; Kvale, 1997; Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009; Schatzman & Strauss, 1973).”
BackgroundWatermeyer, J. (2011) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.527623 · Cited by 31
“The transcribed interviews and the field notes from the participant observations were analyzed using thematic content analysis techniques (Aronson, 1994).”
MethodWomen living in a remote Australian mining community: exploring their psychological well-being.
Lovell, J., & Critchley, J. (2010) · The Australian journal of rural health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2010.01143.x · Cited by 31
Khan, A., Shokrizadeh, َ., & Cheng, J. (2025) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713500 · Cited by 30
“We then conducted thematic analysis [1, 43] on the transcribed interview data to answer our research questions.”
Chen, Y., Zhang, R., Lou, Y., Li, W., & Yang, H. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09203-2 · Cited by 30
“Recordings were transcribed verbatim and the interviewees were subsequently asked to check their own interview text and were analysed by two researchers using thematic analysis, with an inductive approach and a coding strategy [23].”
MethodLaasch, O., & Pinkse, J. (2019) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2019.101891 · Cited by 36
Davis, P., Halvarsson, A., Lundström, W., & Lundqvist, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01641 · Cited by 30
“Quotes which characterized common themes were collated and labeled as categories prior to being pooled and identified as higher order categories (Aronson, 1995).”
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Dean, D. A. L., Griffith, D. M., McKissic, S. A., Cornish, E. K., & Johnson‐Lawrence, V. (2016) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988316644174 · Cited by 33
Chiweshe, M. (2016) · doi:10.1177/0976343020160202 · Cited by 30
“Aronson (1994) defined thematic analysis as a process commonly found in qualitative research in which the researcher identifies patterns found in the data and categorizes the data by theme.”
BackgroundNaidoo, K., & Kirch, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487116653659 · Cited by 23
“The cycle continued with data analysis and interpretation using thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994) during and after data collection leading to new questions for participant observation.”
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Surgenor, P. (2013) · doi:10.1080/02602938.2011.635247 · Cited by 30
“This method focuses on identifiable themes and patterns of living and/or behaviour (Aronson 1994) and involves identifying and coding data into meaningful units, which are reviewed, revised and grouped by theme.”
MethodCosts involved in using a cochlear implant in South Africa.
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Exploring the role of the interprofessional mentor
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“Themes are then generated by bringing together these patterns, that is fragments of ideas or experiences that when stood alone would be meaningless, but in concert form a coherent picture of the collective experience (Aronson, 1994).”
BackgroundSand, A. M., Harris, J., & Rosland, J. (2009) · Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.1177/082585970902500202 · Cited by 30
“Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and patterns in the findings (23, 24).”
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“These were re-read, refined and finalised by the authors, using thematic analysis (Miles & Huberman, 1994; Aronson, 1994).”
MethodStigmatization among people living with HIV in Hong Kong: A qualitative study
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“51, 52 The responses were read and reread several times, across both questions and respondents, to increase familiarity with the data.”
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“Extracts were also examined to ensure that they provided an appropriate representation of the original data (e.g. Aronson, 1994).”
Patients' views and experiences of pro re nata medication in acute mental health settings.
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“According to Aronson [1] and Patton [19] using a thematic analysis method results in a more complete understanding of the ideas of the research participants.”
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“We then used methods similar to thematic analysis to look for commonalities, contrasts and other relationships within the data table through an iterative process.(26) The result of the data comparison phase was a narrative of the findings.”
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“Analysis combined exploratory and confirmatory components (Turkey, 1977) and employed NVIVO 12 Software (Aronson, 1994; Braun & Clarke, 2006; Joffe & Yardley, 2004) to identify patterns and themes across the dataset.”
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“The themes emerging from the narratives illustrate a comprehensive depiction of the lecturers’ collective lived experiences (Aronson 1995).”
BackgroundTransitional domestic tourist gaze in a post-war destination: A case study of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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“These were identified by bringing together fragments of views and experiences that would have been meaningless when viewed alone (Aronson, 1995).”
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“We used an inductive thematic analysis strategy to generate codes and themes from our recorded interviews [35].”
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“The questionnaire was analysed using descriptive statistics (Bryman, 2008) and the narrated experiences were analysed using thematic analysis (Aronson, 1994; Braun and Clarke, 2006).”
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“The next step was the application of themes to the data in a consistent manner (Aronson, 1994; Boyatzis, 1998).”
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“…analysis is an inductive method for identifying and expressing patterns in qualitative data; statements are coded into categories reflective of observed patterns in the data, which are then situated into larger themes and illustrated by representative quotations (Aronson 1994, Boyatzis 1998).”
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Neophytou, K., & Webber, R. (2005) · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0748.2005.00223.x · Cited by 28
“A thematic analysis was used to identify and catalogue themes, subthemes and patterns (Taylor & Bogdan 1998; Aronson 1994).”
MethodHow Psychological Therapy may Prolong Survival in Cancer Patients: New Evidence and a Simple Theory
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Mbaiwa, J., & Hambira, W. (2021) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1973483 · Cited by 27
“The themes that emerged from data sources were pieced together to form a compressive picture of their collective experience (see Aronson, 1995).”
BackgroundA Sustainability Lighthouse—Supporting Transition Leadership and Conversations on Desirable Futures
Holmberg, J., & Larsson, J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10113842 · Cited by 41
Marine Spatial Planning in the Middle East: Crossing the Policy-Planning Divide
Portman, M. (2015) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.06.025 · Cited by 27
“It involves several stages once the data is collected, including generating short descriptions (or “codes”) to organize the information and search for (reoccurring) themes among them [40,41].”
BackgroundInsights into the IMF bailout debate: A review and research agenda
Li, L., Sy, M., & McMurray, A. (2015) · Journal of Policy Modeling · doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.09.007 · Cited by 27
Leadership and Management in Elite Sport: Factors Perceived to Influence Performance
Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., & Anderson, R. J. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1260/1747-9541.10.2-3.285 · Cited by 27
“Common themes amongst the raw data quotes were then paraphrased as lower-order themes, before being combined as higher-order themes, and pieced together into appropriate general dimensions [29].”
Draughon, J. E., Anderson, J., Hansen, B. R., & Sheridan, D. J. (2013) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2013.07.001 · Cited by 27
“Written responses were first examined to determine whether they fit into a preexisting category (Aronson, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodDooris, M., McArt, D., Hurley, M., & Baybutt, M. (2013) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913913486036 · Cited by 27
Amend, E., Kay, L. S., & Reilly, R. (2012) · Journal of Mass Media Ethics · doi:10.1080/08900523.2012.746113 · Cited by 27
“We provisionally categorized the text into similar inductively derived thematic concerns (Aronson, 1994; Ely, Vinz, Downing, & Anzul, 1997).”
MethodEmbracing the Creative: The Role of Photo Novella in Qualitative Nursing Research
Burke, D., & Evans, J. A. (2011) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940691101000205 · Cited by 27
“Themes from individual participants were then compared to other narratives to discover overall patterns (Aronson, 1994; Burnard, 1991; Holloway & Wheeler, 2002; Polit, Beck, & Hungler, 2001).”
ResultFormulation of Themes in Qualitative Research: Logical Procedures and Analytical Paths
de Farias, B. G., Dutra-Thomé, L., Koller, S. H., & de Castro, T. G. (2020) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-020-00052-0 · Cited by 42
Holt, E., Heim, A. B., Tessens, E., & Walker, R. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6756 · Cited by 26
“We inductively coded responses into naturally emerging themes (Aronson, 1994) using NVivo 12 (QSR International, 2020).”
MethodMotivational Needs and Intent to Stay of Social Enterprise Workers
Caringal-Go, J. F., & Hechanova, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Social Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/19420676.2018.1468352 · Cited by 26
“Steps include distinguishing initial themes from the transcribed data, then identifying all the pertinent data that was related to those themes (Aronson 1994).”
BackgroundThe business perspective in ecological restoration: issues and challenges
Mohr, J. J., & Metcalf, E. C. (2017) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.12564 · Cited by 35
“Based on this iterative process, we organized the data into key themes (“thematic analysis”; Aronson 1995).”
MethodAcharya, A., & Mishra, B. (2017) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-11-2016-0506 · Cited by 40
Community, state and power-relations in community-based tourism on Lekhubu Island, Botswana
Lenao, M. (2017) · Tourism Planning & Development · doi:10.1080/14616688.2017.1292309 · Cited by 26
From comedy targets to comedy-makers: disability and comedy in live performance
Lockyer, S. (2015) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2015.1106402 · Cited by 26
“Thematic analysis is a ‘method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns (themes) within data’ (Braun and Clarke 2006, 79) and focuses on ‘patterns of living and/or behaviour’ (Aronson 1994).”
MethodKehrwald, B., & McCallum, F. (2015) · doi:10.14221/ajte.2015v40n7.4 · Cited by 26
“Aronson, J. (1994). A pragmatic view of thematic analysis.”
BackgroundInfluentialFrank, O. L., Omer, S., Riffat, S., & Mempouo, B. (2015) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2014.06.002 · Cited by 26
“The data were analysed using the thematic content analysis method discussed in Burnard (1991), Aronson (1994) and Schwandt (2007).”
MethodUnderstanding Design with VGI using an Information Relevance Framework
Parker, C., May, A., & Mitchell, V. (2012) · Trans. GIS · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01302.x · Cited by 26
“Sessions were recorded, transcribed in full and analysed under thematic analysis (Aronson 1994) using NVivo 9 (QSR International 2010) as a qualitative analysis tool.”
MethodCrooks, V. A., Hynie, M., Killian, K., Giesbrecht, M., & Castleden, H. (2011) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9287-4 · Cited by 26
“This rigourous approach involves categorizing interview data according to themes (units identified from patterns within transcripts), which are then refined when compared to the literature, to the themes present in different interviews, and to the overall study purpose and objectives ( Aronson 1994 ).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Aronson, J.
- Affiliations
- Nova Southeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aronson, Jodi
- Venue
- The Qualitative Report
- Publisher
- Nova Southeastern University
- Published
- 1995-04-01
- ISSN
- 1052-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-3715
- OpenAlex
- W1557001362
- Cited by
- 1,758
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 107 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 120 · 2012: 122
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Qualitative Report (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Keywords
- thematic analysis, ethnographic interviews, qualitative data analysis, interview analysis, coding procedures
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